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Bulletin  No.  12. -New  Ser'ES.  *         •  ™3.I l<Qf 

U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF   AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION   OF   ENTOMOLOGY. 


TH  E 


SAN  JOSE  SCALE 


18  9  6-18  9  7. 


BY 


Hi.   O.  HOWAR 


ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT     PRINTING    OFFICE. 

1  >:'  8, 


Bulletin  No.  12.— New  Series. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF   AGRICULTURE 

Dl\  I>K»N    OF    ENTOMOLOGY. 


THE 


SAN  JOSE  SCALE 


1896-1897: 


L.  ().   BOWARD 

ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT     PRINTING     OFFICE. 
189  8. 


LETTER  OE  TRANSMITTAL. 


United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 
«  Washington,  D.  C,  February  20,  1898. 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  manuscript  of  a  bulletin 
which  gives  an  account  of  the  spread  of  the  San  Jose  scale  in  the 
United  States  during  the  last  two  years  and  of  the  work  which  has 
been  done  by  economic  entomologists  in  the  effort  to  subdue  it.  I 
recommend  that  it  be  published  as  Bulletin  No.  12,  new  series,  of  this 
division. 

Respectfully,  L.  O.  Howard, 

Entomologist. 
Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 
2 


CONTENTS. 


Introduction 5 

I  distribution  and  present  condition 5 

Closely  allied  scales II 

Pood  plants 12 

Relation  of  climate  to  spread L3 

Natural  enemies : 11 

Remedies 16 

<  .as  treatment ' 1(5 

Pure  kerosene 16 

Automatic  mixture  of  kerosene  and  water 23 

Effect  of  winter  washes  upon  blossoming 23 

Preparing  the  trees  for  treatment 23 

A  precaution  iu  destroying  mined  trees I'l 

(  Mher  remedies 21 

it  ion 25 

Th.  <  ierman  edict 26 

Bibliography 27 

Omissions 28 

Supplementary   28 

3 


THE  SAN  JOSE  SCALE  IX  [896-1897. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Bulletin  No.  3,  New  Series,  of  this  Division,  entitled,  "The  San  Jose 
Scale:  Its  Occurrences  in  the  United  States,  with  a  full  account  of  Its 
Life  History  and  the  Remedies  to  be  Used  Against  It/' was  published 
in  .January,  189G,  and  contains  a  reasonably  full  history  of  the  eastern 
occurrences  of  this  insect  down  to  the  close  of  November,  L895.  The 
demand  for  this  bulletin  has  been  so  great  that  the  first  edition  has  been 
exhausted  and  a  new  one  has  just  been  printed.  Inasmuch  as  the  infor- 
mation contained  in  the  bulletin  is  authoritative  and  complete  down  to 
the  close  of  the  year  1895,  it  has  not  been  deemed  necessary  to  publish  a 
revised  edition.  The  statements  which  it  contains  regarding  life  history 
and  other  important  topics  have  stood  the  test  of  two  years'  scrutiny,  and 
all  that  seems  necessary  is  the  bringing'  together  of  additional  informa- 
tion which  has  resulted  from  two  years'  work  on  the  part  of  a  majority 
of  the  official  economic  entomologists  of  the  country.  Never  in  the 
history  of  economic  entomology  in  the  United  States  has  a  single  spe- 
cies of  insect  excited  so  much  interest  as  has  the  San  Jose  scale;  and 
in  view  of  the  fact  that  it  has  aroused  the  whole  fruit-growing  popula- 
tion of  the  country  to  a  sense  of  the  value  of  entomological  investiga- 
tions, that  it  has  brought  about  legislation  against  injurious  insects  in 
a  number  of  States,  and  has  almost  alone  been  responsible  for  an  appeal 
for  national  legislation,  participated  in  not  only  by  the  horticulturists 
of  the  country  but  by  dealers  in  nursery  stock,  it  may  be  said  that  its 
eastern  advent  has  been  far  from  an  unmixed  evil.  Many  individuals 
will  have  Buffered,  but  the  sum  total  of  resulting  good  to  the  fruit- 
growing interests  will  eventually  have  placed  the  balance  on  the  right 
side.  The  years  1896  and  1S!>7  have  been  very  active  ones  on  the  part 
of  State  authorities:  SO  much  so  that  further  investigation  by  the 
National  Department  as  to  spread,  exact  localities,  and  many  other 
points  has  been  unnecessary,  and  it  is  the  purpose  of  this  bulletin  sim- 
ply to  bring  together  under  convenient  heads  the  results  of  the  general 
work  of  the  two  seasons. 

DISTRIBUTION    AM)    PRESENT    <'«>\mTION. 

In  the  light  of  what  we  now  know,  our  actual  knowledge  of  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  San  Jose  scale  in  the  Bast  in  the  fall  of  1895  was  com- 

5 


paratively  slight.  It  was  than  reported  as  occurring  in  twenty  States, 
but  in  comparatively  few  localities  in  each,  with  the  single  exception  of 
New  Jersey.  In  the  latter  State,  the  energetic  entomologist,  Dr.  John 
B.  Smith,  had  already  put  in  one  season's  active  work,  and  had  discov- 
ered that  the  insect  was  almost  universally  distributed  in  the  southern 
two-thirds  of  the  State.  The  same  condition  of  affairs  was  suspected, 
although  not  known,  in  a  number  of  other  States.  In  1896  and  1897 
actual  field  inspection  under  Professor  Alwood,  in  Virginia:  Professor 
Johnson,  in  Maryland 5  Professor  Forbes,  in  Illinois ;  Professor  Web- 
ster, in  Ohio;  Professor  Starnes,  in  Georgia,  and  several  others,  showed 
that  in  these  States  the  insect  was  nearly  as  widespread  as  in  New 
Jersey,  while  twelve  States  and  the  District  of  Columbia  have  been 
added  to  the  number  containing  infested  yjoints. 

Alabama. — There  seems  to  have  been  no  thorough  survey  of  the  State. 
Three  localities  have  been  added  by  correspondence  to  those  recorded 
in  Bulletin  No.  3.  There  is  no  mention  in  that  bulletin  of  the  vicinity 
of  Hunts ville,  but  on  the  authority  of  a  correspondent,  and  at  the  last 
moment  before  publication,  a  dot  was  placed  on  the  map  indicating  the 
occurrence  of  the  scale  in  that  vicinity.  The  entomologist  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  at  Auburn,  Prof.  C.  F.  Baker,  how- 
ever, writes  to  this  office  under  date  of  February  16,  1898,  that  the 
nurseries  about  Huntsville  are  clean  and  in  good  shape. 

Arkansas. — A  single  locality  in  this  State — Fayetteville — has  just 
been  discovered  by  Professor  S  tin  son. 

Arizona. — There  is  no  information  from  this  Territory  beyond  that 
contained  in  Bulletin  No.  3.  The  insect  does  not  seem  to  spread  rapidly 
in  Arizona  and  the  infested  orchards  are  said  not  to  be  numerous. 

lifomia. — In  this  State  the  insect  is  or  has  been  generally  distrib- 


uted. The  conditions  of  climate  sometimes  kill  it  out,  and  it  often 
seems  to  be  destroyed  by  a  fungus  disease,  but,  according  to  Marlatt, 
neglected  and  improperly  sprayed  orchards  exhibit  trees  in  as  bad 
condition  as  can  be  found  in  any  of  the  orchards  of  New  Jersey  or 
Maryland.  As  we  have  frequently  stated,  the  lime,  salt,  and  sulphur 
wash  is  the  standard  remedy  for  this  scale  in  California,  and  is  there 
thoroughly  effective,  however  ineffective  it  may  be  in  the  East. 

Connecticut. — This  State  was  not  mentioned  in  Bulletin  No.  3,  but 
since  its  publication  the  scale  has  been  found  in  at  least  five  localities 
which  are  either  along  Long  Island  Sound  or  in  the  valley  of  the  Con- 
necticut River. 

Delaware. — The  active  inspection  work  done  by  Prof.  G.  H.  Powell 
and  Prof.  Wesley  Webb  has  shown  that  the  scale  is  quite  as  generally 
distributed  in  Delaware  as  in  New  Jersey. 

District  of  Columbia. — The  scale  occurs  at  several  localities  in  this 
District.  It  has  been  found  in  gardens  in  Georgetown,  in  a  public  park 
in  Washington,  in  a  small  orchard  at  Eckington,  and  in  two  dooryards 
in  Takoma  Park. 


Florida. — We  are  advised  by  correspondents  of  two  localities  in  this 
State  other  than  those  mentioned  in  Bulletin  No.  3.     Judging  from  the 


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reports  of  Professor  Tvolfs  the  scale  is  Dot  as  injurious  in  this  State  as 
it  was  two  years  ago.     This  is  attributed  largely  to  the  work  of  the 


8 

fungus  disease,  Sphcerostilbe  coccophila,  with  which  he  has  been  artifi- 
cally  experimenting,  and  of  which  lie  seems  to  have  great  hopes. 

Georgia. — The  four  localities  mentioned  in  Bulletin  No.  3  have  been 
greatly  enlarged  by  the  active  inspection  work  of  Professor  Starnes, 
of  the  State  experiment  station,  who  now  finds  twenty-four  infested 
counties  in  Georgia,  all  of  which  he  has  mapped  being  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  State.  The  fungus  disease  referred  to  in  the  preceding 
paragraph  has  very  recently  (late  in  the  fall  of  1897)  made  its  appear- 
ance in  a  peach  orchard  in  Jefferson  County,  southwest  of  Augusta, 
and  is  reported  to  have  exterminated  the  scale. 

Idaho. — Nothing  new  is  to  be  reported  from  this  State.  The  insect 
occurs  in  several  localities  in  the  vicinity  of  Snake  River  Valley,  and 
farther  north  in  the  vicinity  of  Lewiston. 

Illinois. — The  scale  was  not  known  to  exist  in  this  State  in  Novem- 
ber, 1895,  but  Professor  Forbes,  by  virtue  of  special  appropriations,  has 
been  able  to  have  the  State  rather  carefully  inspected,  and  has  found 
twenty-two  colonies  in  nineteen  different  localities  situated  in  eleven 
counties  in  the  State. 

Indiana. — Aside  from  the  two  localities  mentioned  in  Bulletin  3,  Pro- 
fessor Troop,  the  horticulturist  of  the  Indiana  State  Experiment  Station, 
has  found  it  during  the  summer  of  1897  in  five  additional  localities  in 
Clark,  Jefferson,  and  Miami  counties,  many  orchards  being  very  badly 
infested,  some  having  been  cut  down  and  burned. 

Kentucky. — We  learn  from  Professor  Garman  that  careful  inspection 
of  all  the  nurseries  in  the  State  showed,  in  the  summer  of  1897,  no 
traces  of  the  scale.  Only  one  locality  in  the  State  is  known  to  him,  and 
that  is  an  orchard  in  Grayson  County. 

Louisiana. — So  far  as  can  be  learned,  no  careful  investigation  has 
ever  been  made  of  orchards  in  this  State,  although,  as  was  pointed  out 
in  Bulletin  No.  3,  stock  presumably  infested  was  sold  somewhat  exten- 
sively throughout  the  State  by  a  dealer  in  New  Orleans. 

Maryland. — More  actual  damage  seems  to  have  been  done  in  this  State 
than  in  almost  any  other.  Professor  Johnson  has,  since  his  appoint- 
ment, investigated  every  county  in  the  State,  inspected  all  the  nurseries 
and  many  of  the  orchards.  He  has  located  the  scale  in  sixteen  out  of 
twenty-three  counties,  representing  forty-three  different  localities  and 
seventy-four  different  orchards,  in  which  are  growing  over  a  million  and 
a  half  bearing  trees.  It  may  be  stated,  incidentally,  that  the  writer's 
main  source  of  information  is  the  receipt  of  specimens  from  fruit  grow- 
ers themselves,  and  that,  in  spite  of  the  general  agitation  of  the  San 
Jose  scale  question,  specimens  have  been  received  at  this  office  from 
but  sixteen  localities  in  the  State  of  Maryland.  This  illustrates  the 
advantage  of  inspection  by  a  State  official. 

Massachusetts. — The  writer  learns  on  the  authority  of  Professor  Fer- 
n aid  that  from  his  correspondence  the  San  Jose  scale  occurs  in  Worces- 
ter, Scituate,  Koslindale,  Bedford,  Brookline,Cambridge,  Salem,  Reading, 


South  Chelmsford,  South  Framingham,  and  Jamaica  Plain.  It  formerly 
occurred,  as  we  have  elsewhere  stated,  in  Amherst. 

Michigan. — This  State,  not  known  to  be  infested  in  L895,  has  been 
found  to  have  a  number  of  infested  localities  in  the  southern  half.  Pro- 
fessor Barrows,  in  August,  1897,  reported  fourteen  localities  in  ten 
counties;  evidence  showing  that  the  scale  has  been  present  in  the  State 
since  1890. 

Minnesota. — Information  concerning  a  single  locality  in  this  State,  in 
the  southwestern  portion,  has  been  communicated  to  the  writer  by  Dr. 
Lugger. 

Mississippi. — The  occurrence  of  the  scale  in  this  State  was  assumed, 
as  a  matter  of  course,  two  years  ago,  but  no  definite  localities  were 
known.  Since  that  time  two  such  localities  have  been  brought  to  our 
attention.  Much  of  the  Idaho  pear  stock  sold  by  Mr.  Protscher,  of 
New  Orleans,  in  1891  was  sent  to  portions  of  this  State,  and  there  can 
be  no  doubt  of  the  establishment  of  the  scale  within  its  boundaries. 
The  almost  total  silence  of  Mississippi  fruit  growers,  however,  on  this 
subject  can  not  be  due  entirely  to  indifference,  and  we  are  very  much 
iuclined  to  believe,  as  will  be  pointed  out  later,  that  in  the  Gulf  States 
the  San  Jose  scale  is  by  no  means  as  serious  a  pest  as  it  is  in  more 
northern  localities. 

Missouri. — At  the  time  when  Bulletin  No. 3  was  published  there  was 
no  certainty  of  the  existence  of  the  scale  in  this  State.  The  Messrs. 
Stark  Brothers  had  shown  their  premises  to  be  uninvested  and  bad 
proven  that  the  original  Japan  plum  stock  which  carried  the  scale  from 
California  to  New  Jersey,  although  purchased  by  the  New  Jersey  linns 
from  them,  had  not  infested  their  home  nurseries.  Since  the  appoint- 
ment of  Professor  Stedman  as  entomologist  to  the  State  Experiment 
Station  some  two  years  since,  he  has  found  sixteen  undoubted  infested 
localities  in  this  State. 

Nevada. — No  localities  in  this  State,  beyond  gardens  in  the  city  of 
Reno,  have  been  brought  to  our  attention.  Professor  Ilillman,  the 
entomologist  of  the  experiment  station  at  that  place,  is  fortunate  in 
having  infested  plum  trees  in  his  own  garden  for  experiment  and  study. 

\>  >r  Jersey. — In  the  fall  of  1895  the  widespread  condition  of  the  scale 
in  New  Jersey  was  already  so  well  known  that  the  writer  considered  it 
aseless  to  specify  individual  localities.  Since  that  time  the  situation 
has  not  preceptibly  bettered.  In  his  last  bulletin  Professor  Smith 
states  that  all  efforts  to  exterminate  the  insect  in  New  Jersey  must  be 
abandoned.  Et  is  well  established  in  the  line  of  towns  along  the  1  >ela- 
ware  River  from  Burlington  to  Camden,  in  gardens  as  well  as  orchards, 
and  hedges  and  small  fruits  as  well  as  tree  fruits  being  infested.  It  is 
on  Jersey  City  Heights,  and  city  and  suburban  gardens  and  yards  are 
infested.  Several  of  the  infested  orchards  are  close  to  or  adjoin  wood 
or  scrub  land,  with  blackberry  and  other  vines  along  the  fence  lines  and 
in  the  open  spaces,  and  into  these  the  iusect  has  spread.     There  is  little 


10 

or  no  scale  in  the  State  north  of  a  line  running  obliquely  from  Trenton, 
on  the  Delaware,  to  a  point  north  of  Perth  Aniboy,  excepting  only  Jer- 
sey City  and  a  spur  running  north  to  Hackensack.  South  of  this  line 
there  are  a  number  of  infested  centers. 

New  Mexico. — Information  concerning  five  infested  localities  in  this 
Territory  has  been  transmitted  to  us  by  Professor  Oockerell. 

New  York. — As  reported  in  the  previous  bulletin,  there  are  several 
infested  localities  on  Long  Island,  including  at  least  two  nurseries. 
The  localities  of  New  Milford  and  Kinderhook  were  also  there  reported. 
Since  1895  Professor  Slingerland  has  found  the  insect  at  Ithaca  and 
Farmer,  on  Cayuga  Lake,  and  it  has  also  been  found  in  two  additional 
localities  in  the  Hudson  River  Valley.  Its  occurrence  at  Union  Springs 
is  also  reported  by  Mr.  Lowe. 

North  Carolina. — This  State  is  new  to  our  records.  Through  the 
efforts  of  the  late  entomologist  of  the  experiment  station,  Mr.  Gerald 
McCarthy,  and  Prof.  W.  F.  Massey,  the  horticulturist,  the  scale  has 
been  found  near  Tarboro,  Faison,  Greensboro,  Goldsboro,  Asheville, 
Gibsonville,  and  Southern  Pines.  The  last-named  locality  was  also 
ascertained  by  this  office  by  independent  correspondence.  Other  local- 
ities will  doubtless  soon  be  found. 

Ohio. — The  excellent  work  which  Professor  Webster  has  done  in  this 
State  during  the  past  two  years  has  resulted  in  the  mapping  of  fifteen 
localities  of  infestation  in  addition  to  those  recorded  in  Bulletin  No.  3. 
One  of  the  most  serious  outbreaks  in  the  State  occurs  upon  Catawba 
Island,  situated  in  Lake  Erie,  north  of  Sandusky. 

Oregon. — No  additional  localities  have  been  received  from  this  State, 
but  it  is  noticed  from  the  newspapers  that  the  State  officials  have,  within 
the  past  few  months,  become  somewhat  more  interested  in  the  subject 
than  daring  former  years,  and  that  the  statement  is  made  that  the 
insect  is  spreading  to  some  extent  into  new  orchards. 

A  recent  letter  from  Professor  Cordley  indicates  that  the  scale  is  very 
generally  distributed  in  southern  Oregon  throughout  most  of  the  Rogue 
River  country.  It  is  also  present  in  the  Umpqna  River  AT alley  and  at 
a  number  of  points  in  the  Willamette  Valley.  He  states,  however,  that 
it  does  not  seem  to  spread  so  rapidly,  nor  is  it  so  destructive  as  in  those 
portions  of  the  State  in  which  the  cold  spring  rains  are  less  abundant. 
It  is  reported  as  being  present  in  the  Hood  River  Valley  and  is  very 
destructive  about  The  Dalles,  through  the  Walla  Walla  Valley,  and  at 
Union,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State. 

Pennsylvania. — At  the  time  of  publication  of  Bulletin  No.  3  five  local- 
ities were  known  in  this  State.  Since  that  time  we  have  learned  by 
correspondence  of  eight  new  localities,  all  of  which  are  in  the  south- 
eastern portion  of  the  State,  with  the  exception  of  one,  which  is  in  the 
southwestern  portion,  south  of  Pittsburg.  Other  localities  may  have 
been  ascertained  in  the  course  of  the  State  inspection  which  has  been 
carried  on  largely  by  Dr.  Grotf,  but  if  so  they  have  not  been  published 
or  communicated  to  this  office. 


11 

South  Carolina. — This  State  is  new  to  our  records.  Largely  owing 
to  the  fact  that  South  ( Carolina  bas  only  recently  appointed  an  entomol- 
ogist, little  work'  has  been  done  in  the  State.  Specimens  have  reached 
here,  however,  from  Newberry,  and  I  think  other  localities  will  doubt- 
less soon  be  ascertained.  This  is  at  present  the  only  one  known  in 
South  Carolina. 

Tennessee. — This  is  a  State  new  in  our  records,  and,  so  far  as  known 
to  us,  the  scale  lias  been  found  at  but  one  locality  in  the  eastern  por- 
tion of  the  State,  just  west  of  the  Appalachian  system. 

Texas. — This  State  is  also  new  to  our  records,  and  we  have  Learned 
by  correspondence  of  eight  localities,  four  of  which  are  in  Galveston 
County,  one  near  Dallas,  one  near  Tyler,  one  in  the  Brazos  bottom 
south  of  Calvert,  and  one  near  the  Guadalupe  ttiver  east  of  San 
Antonio. 

Virginia. —  But  two  localities  from  this  State  are  recorded  in  Bulletin 
No.  3.  During  1896  and  L897,  under  theoperation  of  a  State  law.  Pro- 
fessor Alwood  covered  the  State  more  or  less  thoroughly,  and  has 
learned  many  new  localities.  He  reports  twenty -seven  counties  and 
about  one  hundred  individual  premises  in  the  State  now  known  to  be 
infested.  In  the  meantime,  by  correspondence,  fourteen  new  localities 
have  come  to  us.  It  seems  certain  that  the  State  is  pretty  well  dotted 
over  with  the  scale. 

Washington. —  Fruit  growers  in  Washington  have  recently  become 
somewhat  alarmed  by  the  spread  of  the  scale  in  that  State.  It  has 
been  known  for  a  number  of  years  near  Walla  Walla  and  Tacoma,  and 
the  recent  widespread  interest  in  the  subject  has  brought  to  light  a 
number  of  other  occurrences,  mainly  in  the  Walla  Walla,  Snake 
River,  and  Yakima  valleys,  and  considerable  State  work  is  now  being 
carried  on. 

West  Virginia. — Several  new  localities  in  this  State  have  been  re- 
ported by  Prof.  A.  1).  Hopkins,  viz,  Martin sburg,  Morgantown,  Charles- 
ton, Trebad  a,  Buckhannon,  McKim,  Mead vi lie,  and  Syracuse. 

<<in<i<l<<. —  In  Bulletin  No.  3  the  occurrence  of  the  insect  in  British 
Columbia  was  noted.  Dining  1S!>7  if  has  been  found  in  lower  Ontario 
in  t  wo  or  three  Localities  in  the  region  bordering  Lake  Erie  on  t  lie  north. 
The  government  in  Ontario  has  become  interested  and  has  adopted 
regulations,  while  the  Dominion  Government  is  at  present  considering 
legislation. 

CLOSELY    ALI.IK1)    SCALES. 

In  May.  L897,  there  was  published  from  this  office  a  technical  bulle- 
tin, entitled,  "The  San  dose  Scale  and  Its  Nearest  Allies."  by  T.  D.  A. 
Cockerell,  the  principal  object  of  which  was  to  enable  entomologists  t<> 
distinguish  readily  between  the  eight  or  nine  closely  allied  specie- of 
the  genus  Aspidiotus,  which  are  rather  difficult  to  distinguish.  There 
seems,  however,  still  t<>  be  some  difficulty  among  certain  workers  in 
readily  distinguishing  the  San  dose  scale  Aspidiottis perniciosm  from 
the  Putnam  scale  (.1.  ancylus)  and   the   Forbes  scale  (A.forbesi  .  and 


12 

many  specimens  are  sent  to  the  Division  of  Entomology  almost  every 
week  of  the  two  last-named  species  under  the  supposition  that  they 
are  or  may  be  A.  perniciosus.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  with  a  little  experi- 
ence, A.  perniciosus  can  be  distinguished  from  either  of  the  other 
species  by  the  scale  alone  with  a  hand  lens.  A.  ancylus  and  A.  forbesi, 
however,  can.  not  readily  be  distinguished  from  each  other  without  a 
microscopic  examination  of  the  anal  plate  of  the  adult  female,  although 
the  old  female  scales  of  ancylus  are  rather  larger  and  flatter  than  those 
of  forbesi  and  the  exuvia  are  less  conspicuous.  Moreover,  in  winter  the 
only  mature  or  nearly  mature  specimens  of  forbesi  to  be  found  are  dead, 
while  nearly  mature  specimens  of  ancylus  normally  overwinter.  Pro- 
fessor Johnson  has  called  the  writer's  attention  to  this  important  point. 
There  is  given  below  a  little  analytical  key  which  it  is  hoped  will  be  of 
service  in  separating  these  three  species.  It  is  based  upon  characters 
used  by  Mr.  Pergande,  the  assistant  in  charge  of  the  insectary,  in  his 
daily  work  of  determining  these  forms: 

Young  female  scales. 

Dark  gray,  or,  if  rubbed,  black;  toward  center  more  or  less  distinctly  black  with 
a  more  or  less  distinct  central  white  dot  and  surrounding  ring perniciosus. 

Purplish  or  pale  grayish,  the  margin  of  the  darker  scales  grayish;  exuvia  orange, 
covered  with  a  delicate  pale  grayish  exudation  with  a  whitish  central  dot  and 
surrounding  ring ancylus  and  forbesi. 

Male  scales. 

Yellowish  gray  or  greenish  gray;  excretion  covering  the  exiTvia  either  concolorous 
or  dark  gray  and  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  white  dot perniciosus. 

Purplish,  with  the  margin  grayish;  exuvia  orange  and  covered  with  a  delicate  layer 
of  pale  grayish  excretion  and  a  whitish  central  dot ancylus  and  forbesi. 

Old  female  scales. 

Scale  yellowish  gray,  exuvia  yellow.     Anal  plate,  with  four  terminal  lobes;  groups 

of  pores  absent perniciosus. 

Scale  pale  yellowish  gray,  exuvia  orange. 

Anal  plate,  with  two  terminal  lobes  and  live  groups  of  pores,  the  anterior  group 
consisting  usually  of  three,  the  anterior  lateral  groups  of  about  twelve,  and 

the  posterior  groups  of  about  eight  pores ancylus. 

Anal  plate,  with  four  terminal  lobes  and  four  groups  of  pores,  each  group  com- 
posed of  from  four  to  six  pores  (rarely  there  is  a  fifth  group  of  one  or  two 
pores) forbesi. 

FOOD   PLANTS. 

It  was  said  in  Bulletin  No.  3  that  practically  all  deciduous  fruit 
frees  and  various  small  fruits  as  well  as  many  shade  trees  and  orna- 
mental shrubs  are  affected  by  this  insect.  A  list  of  food  plants  was 
given,  comprising,  in  general  terms,  twenty-eight  species.  Since  then 
about  seventeen  have  been  added  to  the  list.     A  revised  list  follows. 


13 


Under  such  headings  as  pear,  apple  quince,  etc.,  many  varieties  could 

be  named,  but  this  would  unnecessarily  extend  the  list. 


Orchard  fruit *. 
Pear. 
Peach. 
Apple. 
Plum. 
Cherry. 

Pocky  Mountain  1  >warf  <  Sherry. 
Persimmon. 
Qaince. 
Flowering  Quince. 

Small  fruit. 

Strawberry. 

Bush  fruits. 
Raspberry. 
Gooseberry. 
Grape. 
Currant. 

Flowering  ( lurrant. 
Black  Currant. 

Nut  plants. 
Almond. 

Chestnut. 

Pecan. 

Black  Walnut. 

English  Walnnt. 

Japan  Walnut. 

Mucella  neons  or  nam  en  ta  I  pla  n  ts,  fan  st  a  nd 
shade  trees. 
Eosi  . 

Hawthorn. 


Misa  Ham <nis  ornanu  nial  plants,  forest  dud 
shade  tree*— Continued. 
Spirea. 
Cotoneaster. 
Euonymus. 
English  Huckleberry. 
Linden. 
Acacia. 
Elm. 

( Isage  I  Grange. 
Aider. 
Sumac. 

Weeping  Willow. 
English  Willow. 
Golden  Willow. 
Laurel-leaved  Willow. 
Milkweed. 
Catalpa  speciosa. 
Lombardy  Poplar. 
Carolina  Poplar. 
Golden-leaved  Poplar. 
Silver  Maple. 
Cut-leaved  Birch. 
Mountain  Ash. 
Japanese  Quince. 
Actinidia. 
Citrus  trifoliata. 
Red  1  >ogwood. 
Snowball. 
Juneberry. 
Loquat. 
Laurel. 
Akebia. 


1 1  ELATION  OF  CLIMATE  TO  SPREAD. 

Although  the  San  Jose  scale  has  been  found  at  several  points  within 
regions  which  have  been  mapped  as  belonging  to  the  so-called  transi- 
tion life  /one,  do  facts  have  developed  which  would  upset  the  main 
conclusions  arrived  at  as  to  the  probable  limitations  of  spread  of  this 
insect  in  injurious  numbers.  The  present  known  localities  of  establish- 
ment are  comprised,  with  but  few  exceptions,  within  the  regions  known  as 
lower  and  upper  austral,  and  the  few  exceptions,  the  writer  is  inclined 
to  believe,  will  befound  to  come  under  one  of  two  categories:  Either 
these  points  contain  so  strong  an  admixture  of  upper  austral  forms  as 
to  justify  the  redrawing  of  the  dividing  line  between  upper  austral  and 
transition,  or  the  scale  will  not  prove  even  approximately  as  injurious 
as  iu  thoroughly  accepted  austral  regions. 

The  exceptions  indicate  d  are  mainly  those  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston, 
Mass.,  those  iu  the  vicinity  of  Cayuga  bake,  New  York,  and  the  more 


14 

northern  of  those  in  Michigan,  as  well  as  one  at  Amherst,  Mass.  The 
coastal  law  which  brings  about  the  intermingling  of  northern  and  south- 
ern forms  will  probably  justify  the  eastern  Massachusetts  occurrences. 
The  river-valley  law  will  justify  the  occurrence  at  Amherst,  and,  in 
fact,  sufficient  stress  has  not  been  placed  upon  the  occurrence  of  many 
southern  forms  well  up  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  River.  It  is 
admitted  by  Dr.  Merriam  that  his  old  line  across  the  southern  portion 
of  the  lower  peninsula  of  Michigan  may  not  be  accurately  drawn,  and, 
in  fact,  he  believes  that  it  should  extend  up  the  coast  of  Lake  Michigan 
at  least  sufficiently  high  to  include  Little  Point  Sable.  The  occurrences 
near  Cayuga  Lake  are  so  close  to  the  northwestern  loop  of  the  upper 
austral  in  New  York  as  to  have  been  practically  expected.  The  val- 
ley of  the  lake  lies  low,  with  high  hills  on  the  side,  and  its  outlet  is  in  a 
rather  low-lying  region.  It  is  still,  therefore,  in  the  writer's  opinion, 
safe  to  say  that  the  insect  will  not  prove  dangerous  in  true  transition 
regions. 

An  interesting  case  was  brought  to  the  writer's  attention  a  year  ago 
by  Mr.  C.  Hinze,  of  Payette,  Idaho,  who  sent  apple  twigs  which,  accord- 
ing to  his  statement,  in  November  were  fairly  covered  with  the  scale, 
and  which  after  a  cold  snap,  with  a  temperature  of  8°  below  zero,  were 
examined  with  the  result  that  most  of  the  scales  were  found  to  have 
dropped  off,  while  those  which  were  left  were  many  of  them  dried  up. 
Examination  at  this  office  showed  a  few  specimens  still  living. 

It  begins  now  to  be  evident — and  we  did  not  suspect  it  before — that 
the  insect  may  not  prove  as  injurious  in  lower  austral  regions  as  in 
upper-austral  territory,  and  it  may  be  that  this  is  due  to  the  parasitic 
fungus  Sphcvrostilbe  coccophila  in  these  more  southern  States.  Certain 
facts  seem  to  point  plainly  to  this  condition.  The  scale  certaiuly  did  no 
great  damage  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Orleans,  where  it  existed  for  cer- 
tainly four  and  probably  five  years.  As  we  have  already  pointed  out, 
nothing  has  been  heard  from  many  cases  of  diseased  stock  sent  out  to 
various  points  in  the  Gulf  States  from  New  Orleans  in  1891.  Professor 
Eolfs  finds  that  the  fungus  disease  is  doing  good  work  in  Florida,  and 
on  two  occasions  we  have  received  reports  from  portions  of  Georgia  to 
the  effect  that  scales  upon  badly  infested  trees  were  nearly  all  dead. 

NATURAL   ENEMIES. 

In  no  case  since  the  publication  of  Bulletin  No.  3  have  any  of  the 
insect  enemies  of  the  scale  been  reported  to  have  done  any  especial 
good.  Aspidiotiphagus  citrinus  has  been  reared  from  scales  from  the 
South,  and  Aphelinns  fitscipennis  from  scales  from  the  North,  while  the 
little  ladybird,  Pentilia  misella,  has  been  found  in  a  number  of  localities. 

Attracted  by  the  California  reports  of  the  efficacy  of  certain  of  the 
Coccinellids  imported  by  Mr.  Koebele  from  Australia?  the  New  Jersey 
State  Horticultural  Society  early  in  1896  memorialized  the  State  legis- 
lature and  asked  for  an  appropriation  of  $1,000  for  the  purpose  of  im- 


15 

porting'  into  the  Stateof  New  Jersey  natural  enemies  and  parasites  from 
other  States  and  countries.  The  appropriation  was  made,  and  in  the 
spring  of  189G  Dr.  Smith,  the  entomologist,  visited  parts  of  California 
and  secured  the  sending  of  several  species  of  Australian  ladybirds  to 
various  places  in  New  Jersey  and  to  Washington.  In  his  report  for 
1897,  received  February  L6,  1898,  Dr.  Smith  says: 

Nothing  ha.s  been  seen  in  L897  of  fclie  California  Coccinellids  introduced  in  1896. 
Mosl  of  the  places  in  New  Jersej  in  which  they  were  introduced  were  searched  by 
myself  on  several  occasions,  but  not  a  sign  of  the  species  lias  been  noticed. 

No  result  has  been  obtained  from  thespecimens  sent  to  Washington, 
do  living  specimens  having  been  seen  during  L897. 

An  interesting  and  important  development  of  the  past  two  seasons' 
work,  however,  has  been  the  identification  and  study  of  the  parasitic 
fungus  Sphcerostilbe  coccophila.  Professor  Rolfs,  of  the  Florida  station, 
has  devoted  a  bulletin  largely  to  the  consideration  of  this  fungus,  which, 
as  previously  stated,  seems  to  be  prevalent  throughout  the  Southern 
States.  lie  lias  shown  experimentally  that  the  fungus  may  be  trans- 
ferred to  trees  aifected  with  San  Jose  scale  and  the  disease  produced 
among  the  scales.  Bis  process  was  to  inoculate  acid  bread  with  pure 
cultures  of  the  fungus,  and  three  weeks  later  the  application  was  made 
in  the  following  way:  A  piece  of  the  bread  about  an  inch  square  was 
placed  in  cold  water  and  shaken  until  the  bread  was  broken  up  and 
the  spores  distributed  in  the  water.  This  water  was  then  applied  to 
the  scaly  tree  by  means  of  a  sponge  or  cloth,  or  sprayed  on.  The 
applications  were  made  in  midsummer  of  L896  and  observations  were 
made  as  to  the  results  late  in  February,  1897.  Four  of  Ids  experiments 
resulted  snccessfnlly  and  three  unsuccessfully,  while  in  theeighth  exper- 
iment the  result  was  doubtful  on  account  of  the  tree  having  died 
between  the  times  of  treatment  and  inspection.  Professor  Rolfs  has 
distributed  cultures  to  entomologists  in  the  North  and  West,  but  no 
very  satisfactory  field  results  have  as  yet  been  obtained,  except  perhaps 
by  Professor  Smith,  who  shows  in  his  annual  report  for  L897  that  while 
attempts  to  transmit  the  disease,  both  by  tying  infested  twigs  received 
from  Florida  upon  badly  infested  trees  in  New  Jersey  and  by  washing 
and  spraying  with  diluted  cultures  of  the  fungus,  were  nearly  all  bar- 
ren of  result,  one  series  of  experiments  was  somewhat  encouraging. 
Twigs  from  Florida  containing  San  dose  scales  infested  by  the  fungus 
were  sent  to  Mr.  Horace  Roberts,  at  Fellowship,  N.d..  about  the  middle 
of  June.  On  September  25  Dr.  Smith  found  the  fungus  upon  almost 
if  not  quite  all  of  the  trees  on  which  twigs  had  been  tied. 

It  had  a  anally  spread  pretty  well  over  the  tree  and  in  some  cases  was  obvious 
from  the  Burface  of  the  ground  to  the  extremities  of  tin-  branches,  hundreds  of 
patches  of  the  orange  frniting  processes  being  everywhere  noticeable.  I  <li<l  not 
find  any  case  where  the  disease  had  Bpread  from  the  tree  on  which  it  waa  originally 
in  trod  need,  but  it  may  have  heei  i  present  in  another  lees  visible  stage.  Bj  uo  means 
all  the  scales  on  the  trees  contain  inn'  the  disease  were  dead. 


16 

A  number  of  instances  have  come  to  our  observation  of  the  death  of 
the  scale  in  a  wholesale  manner  from  the  spontaneous  work  of  this  dis- 
ease, or  from  some  other  cause.  For  example,  Mr.  G.  E.  Pilate,  of 
Tifton,  (la.,  sent  us  scale-infested  cuttings  in  January,  1897,  from  an 
orchard  which,  in  his  opinion,  had  been  freed  from  scales  by  this  fungus 
disease.  Careful  examination  showed  that  upon  one  cutting,  out  of  183 
scales,  but  4  were  living;  on  a  second  cutting,  out  of  723,  but  2  were 
living;  on  a  third  cutting,  out  of  579,  but  28  were  living,  giving  31 
living  scales  out  of  1,485 — a  mortality  rate  of  97.7.  We  have  recently 
learned  through  Professor  Starnes,  of  the  Georgia  Experiment  Station, 
of  a  similar  instance  in  the  vicinity  of  Wadley,  Ga.  Professor  Alwood 
has  noted  at  Vienna,  Ya.,  the  death  of  a  considerable  proportion  of  the 
scales  presumably  from  the  same  cause,  and  Dr.  Fletcher  has  found 
fungus- infested  scales  at  Fruitland,  Ontario,  although  the  fungus  is 
probably  a  different  one. 

REMEDIES. 

The  matter  of  remedies  has  received  a  severe  test  since  the  publi- 
cation of  our  last  article.  The  whale-oil  soap  treatment,  which  was 
recommended  as  the  best  then  known  next  to  the  radical  process  of 
cutting  down  trees  and  burning  them,  has,  when  properly  applied  and 
when  potash  soaps  are  used,  fulfilled  our  expectations ;  but  the  insect 
develops  and  multiplies  so  rapidly  that  even  after  a  reasonably  thor- 
ough and  satisfactory  winter  treatment  with  whale-oil  soap,  it  has  been 
found  that  the  insect  is  once  more  very  abundant  by  the  close  of  the 
following  summer.  The  escape  of  5  per  cent  of  the  insects,  or  even 
less,  after  winter  treatment  will  result  in  the  speedy  restocking  of  the 
trees.  It  is  no  wonder,  then,  that  experimental  work  has  been  carried 
on  with  other  substances. 

GAS    TREATMENT. 

Hydrocyanic-acid  gas  has  been  used  extensively  for  nursery  stock 
with  good  results  by  some  and  with  poor  results  by  others.  Professor 
Alwood  has  experimented  with  it  upon  nursery  stock  very  thoroughly, 
and  in  his  bulletin  No.  66  was  the  first  to  describe  a  fumigation  house. 
He  considers  that  the  work  has  been  successful.  Stock  fumigated  by 
nurserymen,  however,  has  been  examined  at  this  office  with  the  result 
that  in  some  cases  not  more  than  70  per  cent  of  the  scales  were  killed. 
Professor  Johnson  has  also  superintended  the  gas  treatment  for  nursery 
stock  carried  on  by  probably  the  largest  firm  of  nurserymen  in  Mary- 
land. He  tells  the  writer  that  this  firm  has  constructed  a  small  build- 
ing divided  into  two  rather  large  rooms,  each  with  a  capacity  of  10,000 
first-class  nursery  trees.  While  the  fumigation  is  going  on  in  one  room 
the  other  room  is  beiug  aired  and  the  stock  removed.  Professor  John- 
son estimates  the  expense  not  to  exceed  2  cents  per  1,000  trees  for 
actual  cost  of  chemicals.  There  are  also  two  small  rooms  for  fumigating 
smaller  lots  of  stock.  The  necessity  for  thorough  airing  of  the  rooms 
before  the  stock  is  removed  was  well  shown  in  the  experience  of  this 


17 

firm.  A  negro  laborer  entered  the  room  too  soon,  contrary  to  orders, 
and  began  pulling  on  the  end  of  the  bunch  of  nursery  stock.  He 
suddenly  fell  forward  on  his  face  unconscious  and  was  carried  out  into 
the  open  air  and  laid  on  his  back,  reviving  in  about  five  minutes.  Had 
this  negro  been  alone  at  the  time  it  is  quite  possible  that  the  incident 
would  have  resulted  fatally.  For  fumigating  on  a  small  scale  Mr.  M.  \l. 
Waite,  who  is  connected  with  the  Division  of  Vegetable  Physiology 
and  Pathology,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  who 
owns  a  country  place  and  grows  fruit,  has  constructed  a  fumigating 
box  4  feet  deep,  8  feet  long,  and  3J  feet  wide,  in  which,  before  planting 
them,  he  fumigates  all  nursery  trees  purchased.  The  box  is  made  from 
rough  boards  lined  on  the  inside  with  painted  cloth.  It  has  a  top  lid 
with  hinges.  The  largest  series  of  experiments  with  this  gas  upon 
growing  trees  has  been  carried  on  by  Professor  Johnson  at  Chester- 
town,  Md.  These  tests  were  made  during  the  six  weeks  beginning 
October  15,  1807.  and  carried  on  under  all  possible  conditions.  The 
results  can  not  be  ascertained  until  another  season,  but  this  work 
should  settle  the  question  as  to  the  availability  of  hydrocyanic-acid  gas 
in  the  orchard. 

PURE    KEROSENE. 

The  most  interesting  development  of  the  past  year  in  remedial  work 
has  been  the  use  of  pure  kerosene  as  a  spray.  The  results  of  meager 
experiments  which  were  made  in  the  winter  of  1894-95  with  pure 
kerosene  and  with  kerosene  emulsion,  by  Messrs.  Marlatt  and  Coquil- 
lett,  of  this  division,  did  not  encourage  further  experiment  along  this 
line.  Experiment  No.  12,  of  the  series  conducted  during  that  winter, 
was  made  with  pure  kerosene  which  was  applied  in  the  form  of  a  spray 
on  January  23,  1895,  to  two  trees,  one  badly  infested  with  scales  and 
the  other  a  vigorous  tree  less  infested.  On  March  11  careful  examina- 
tion showed  that  all  the  scales  were  dead,  but  upon  May  1  both  trees 
were  found  to  be  dead.  Experiment  No.  23  of  the  same  series  was 
with  undiluted  kerosene  emulsion.  It  was  made  December  L6.  On 
May  4  all  scales  were  dead,  except  in  isolated  spots  where  the  wash 
apparently  did  not  reach,  but  the  tree  was  dead  or  dying,  except  one 
limb  which  was  in  leaf  and  fruit.  Kxperiment  No.  38,  which  was  con- 
ducted with  the  undiluted  emulsion  on  January  23,  was  found  to  result 
on  .March  11  in  the  death  of  the  scales,  but  upon  May  4  the  tree  was 
found  to  be  dead,  with  the  exception  of  one  or  two  branches  which 
were  making  a  feeble  effort  to  leaf  out.  Experiments  made  with  the 
kerosene  emulsion,  diluted  with  an  equal  amount  of  water,  apparently 
did  not  injure  the  trees,  except  where  these  were  already  in  a  moribund 
condition  from  borers  or  enormous  numbers  of  scales.  These  applica- 
tions were  all  made  to  peach  trees.  With  these  results  in  view 
experimental  work  was  diverted  entirely  to  other  substances. 

In  August,  L896,  Mr.  P.  M.  Webster  reported  to  the  Buffalo  meeting 
of  the  Association  of  Economic  Entomologists  that  in  two  orchards  near 
Bull.  Xo.  12 2 


18 

New  Richmond,  Ohio,  kerosene  in  an  undiluted  form  had  been  used  with 
marked  success  both  in  1895  and  in  189G,  "without  the  least  injury  to 
the  trees,  either  apple  or  peach.  *  *  *  Where  the  top  was  seriously 
infested  with  scale  this  was  cut  away  and  burned,  the  trunk  painted 
with  kerosene,  and  at  the  proper  season  grafts  were  placed  in  the  stubs 
of  the  old  limbs  that  had  been  left  sufficiently  long  for  the  purpose.  In 
this  case  a  new  top  has  been  grown  on  the  old  trunk,  often  a  more  sym- 
metrical top  than  the  original,  the  tree  thereby  losing  but  little  by  reason 
of  the  attack  by  the  scale.  Last  July  I  went  through  the  orchard  and 
found  many  of  the  trees  thus  treated  growing  nicely  and  free  from 
scale.  *  *  *  Where  trees  were  known  to  be  slightly  infested,  or  as 
a  means  of  killing  the  scale  on  any  trees  not  known  to  be  infested,  an 
entire  orchard,  consisting  of  both  apple  trees  and  peach  trees,  was 
sprayed  with  undiluted  kerosene  during  February,  and  in  order  to  make 
sure  that  no  scale  escaped  alive  a  second  application  was  made  shortly 
after.  I  saw  the  orchard  in  April  and  again  in  July,  and  in  neither 
case  did  I  notice  any  injury  whatever  to  the  trees,  either  apple  or 
peach." 

This  statement  by  Mr.  Webster  occasioned  much  comment  among  the 
entomologists  in  attendance  at  the  meeting,  and  several  of  them  soon 
after  began  experimental  work.  The  result  of  the  experiments  carried 
on  in  this  Division  were  summarized  by  Mr.  Marlatt  in  a  paper  pre- 
sented to  the  Association  of  Economic  Entomologists  at  its  Detroit 
meeting  in  August,  1897,  and  are  here  quoted : 

The  discussion  of  this  substance  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  association  led  to  some 
additional  experiments  on  our  part  with  the  use  of  pure  coal  oil  or  kerosene  on  plants. 
Various  trees,  including  young  and  vigorous  peach,  pear,  cherry,  and  apple  trees, 
euonymus  bushes,  and  some  old  bearing  peach  trees,  were  thoroughly  sprayed  with 
pure  kerosene  early  the  past  spring,  with  one  exception,  before  the  buds  had  begun 
to  swell.  In  the  case  of  two  large  bearing  peach  trees  the  blossom  buds  were  swell- 
ing and  opening,  and  these  trees  were  also  badly  infested  with  Diasjiis  lanatus.  The 
other  plants,  with  the  exception  of  tbe  euonymus  bushes,  were  healthy  and  free 
from  all  insects.  Much  to  my  surprise  and  astonishment,  no  ill  effects  of  any  moment 
resulted  in  the  case  of  any  of  the  trees  sprayed  with  kerosene.  In  the  case  of  all 
the  trees  spraying  was  continued  just  long  enough  to  moisten  the  plants  thoroughly, 
but  not  to  cause  the  oil  to  run  down  the  trunks  and  collect  about  the  base ;  and  with 
the  young  trees  the  soil  was  carefully  mounded  up  and  pressed  about  the  crown  to 
avoid  all  danger  of  the  oil  collecting  at  that  point. 

The  pear  trees  treated,  and  also  the  peach,  came  out  in  full  bloom,  the  opening  of 
the  blossom  buds  not  being  at  all  interfered  with  by  the  oil  bath.  After  the  bloom 
fell  the  peach  trees  treated  with  pure  oil  made  much  finer  growth  than  untreated 
trees.  This  may  have  been  in  part  duo  to  the  more  favorable  location  of  the  trees, 
and  possibly  also  to  the  fact  that  in  the  treatment  with  the  coal  oil  the  eggs  of 
Aphides  on  the  trees  had  been  entirely  killed,  whereas  on  the  untreated  trees  a  very 
bad  infestation  with  plant  lice  developed  early  and  checked  the  growth  of  the  trees, 
killing  some  of  them.  No  Aphides,  however,  appeared  on  the  sprayed  trees.  In  the 
case  of  the  pear  trees  particularly,  and  also  the  apple,  the  unfolding  of  the  leaf 
buds  was  very  noticeably  delayed  as  compared  with  untreated  plants,  the  buds 
seeming  to  open  up  much  more  slowly,  and  for  two  weeks  at  least  the  difference  was 
very  marked.     Very   soon  thereafter,  however,  the  treated  trees  overtopped  the 


19 

others  hotli  in  abundance  of  foliage  and  amonnl  of  new  growth,  and  :it  the  present 
writing  (July  20)  their  seems  to  have  been  no  injury  whatever  as  a  result  of  the 
treatment. 

The  large  peach  tree  sprayed  showed  no  ill  effects,  and  all  of  the  scales  on  tin- 
tree  were  killed  except  where  they  had  been  protected  in  a  lew  Instances  by  masses 

of  leaves  Webbed  about   the  limits.       At    least    !''.»    J ►«■  r    cent    of  the    scales  were    killed. 

On  the  enonymus  a  similar  result  was  shown,  at  Least  99  per  cent  of  Bcales  having 

also  been  killed  by  the  oil. 

These  results  are  so  greatly  in  contrast  with  those  previously  attained  in  the 
experiments  conducted  in  practically  the  same  way  that  it  seems  difficult  to 
account  for  them.  That  Bpraying  with  pure  oil  will  often  kill  trees  can  not  bo 
doubted,  even  when  applied  in  the  dormant  condition  in  winter,  as  demonstrated  by 
experiments  on  a  number  of  apple  and  peach  trees  two  or  three  seasons  ago.  It  is 
possible  that  with  these  earlier  experiments  the  same  care  was  not  employed  to  pre- 
vent the  collection  of  oil  about  the  trunks  of  the  trees,  and  the  trees  were  not 
mounded  up,  but  the  work  was  as  carefully  done  as  would  ordinarily  be  the  ease  in 
actual  practice,  and  probably  much  more  so.  It  is  possible,  therefore,  that  the  death 
of  the  trees  in  some  instances  was  due  to  the  collection  of  the  oil  in  the  cavity 
formed  about  the  trunk  by  the  swaying  of  trees  in  the  wind,  which,  as  will  be  shown 
later,  has  had  disastrous  results  in  California  with  the  emulsion  even.  Others  have 
reported  the  use  of  oil  on  trees  without  injurious  effects  in  some  instances,  and  in 
others  w  i tli  injurious  effects,  so  that  pure  oil  as  an  insecticide  is  one  to  be  used  with 
caution  aud  with  full  appreciation  of  the  fact  that  the  death  of  the  plant  may 
result. 

Aii  earlier  result  came  to  the  Division  by  correspondence,  when  in  the 
first  week  in  March,  1897,  the  .Messrs.  Parry,  of  Parry,  X.  J.,  sent  in 
cuttings  of  dwarf  pears  which  it  was  said  had  been  sprayed  with  pare 
kerosene  oil  and  which  had  a  distinct  kerosene  odor  upon  receipt. 
Examination,  probably  about  a  week  after  the  spraying  operation, 
showed  that  of  100  scales  selected  at  haphazard  from  the  twigs,  5j 
were  dead  and  49  were  still  living.  This  was  not  encouraging,  but  no 
details  were  given  by  Messrs.  Tarry  as  to  the  method  of  spraying. 

September  1.  1897,  Prof.  J.  B.  Smith  issued  a  circular  headed  ••Treat- 
ment for  the  San  Jose  Scale,'7  iu  which  it  was  stated  that  although  his 
1S!>7  experiments  with  insecticides  against  the  San  Jose  scale  were  not 
yet  completed,  the  results  obtained  up  to  that  date  indicated  the  desir- 
ability of  a  change  in  the  treatment  heretofore  recommended.  lie 
indicated  that  instead  of  winter  applications  summer  work  would 
prove  most  satisfactory  and  undiluted  kerosene  the  most  effective 
insecticide.  The  following  sentence  was  published  in  large  type: 
"Spray  thoroughly  in  September  all  infested  bearing  apple,  pear,  plum, 
and  peach  trees  with  undiluted  kerosene, during  the  middle  of  a  clear, 
sunshiny  day."  Treating  nursery  stock  and  very  young  trees  with 
undiluted  kerosene  was  Dot  recommended.  The  statement  was  made 
that  the  scales  will  continue  active  throughout  September,  and  that 
kerosene  had  proved  uniformly  fatal  to  all  Btages  in  all  experiments 
made  up  to  that  time.  No  injury  had  been  caused  on  any  treated  trees 
except  on  plum  altera  Bpraying  made  in  early  spring,  and  this  injury 
was  temporary.  The  ordinary  burning  fluid  used  in  lamps  was  the 
substance  recommended,  and  it  was  said  that  it  should   be  applied  "in 


20 

the  finest  possible  spray,''  and  "  every  part  of  the  plant  should  be 
thoroughly  wet  but  no  more.  One  application  should  be  sufficient,  and 
it  may  be  delayed,  if  necessary,  until  the  fruit  has  been  removed.'' 
This  circular  was  copied  in  a  number  of  agricultural  newspapers. 

In  the  meantime  Professor  Alwood  had  experimented  (see  Bull.  72, 
Va.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  issued  January,  1898)  in  March,  1897,  at  Occoquon, 
Va.,  and  we  quote  the  following  account  from  his  bulletin : 

Here  in  an  orchard  of  about  six  thousand  trees,  mostly  pear,  six  to  eight  years 
old,  but  including  Japanese  plums  and  some  old  peach  trees,  I  found  about  three 
hundred  pear  trees,  one  hundred  plum  trees,  and  a  number  of  old  peach  trees 
infested.  The  latter  were  condemned  as  worthless,  and  the  other  infested  trees  in 
the  midst  of  such  an  orchard  furnished  a  grave  matter  for  consideration  as  to  Avhat 
should  be  done.  The  owner  was  willing  to  use  any  treatment  I  might  suggest  to 
avoid  cutting  down  the  trees;  consequently  it  was  agreed  that  pure  kerosene  should 
be  sprayed  over  these  trees  at  once.  The  work  was  begun  March  11,  after  the  buds 
were  x^erceptibly  swollen.  One  hundred  Abundance  plurn,  sixty  Kieffer  and  two 
hundred  and  fifty  Bartlett  pear  trees  were  sprayed.  On  about  twenty-five  of  the 
plum  and  pear  trees  the  treatment  was  repeated  on  the  23d  of  March.  None  of  these 
trees  were  destroyed,  and  all  tbe  pears  and  most  of  the  plums  made  a  vigorous 
growth.  A  few  plum  trees  appeared  slightly  weak  this  fall,  but  I  could  not  deter- 
mine that  this  was  from  the  effects  of  the  treatment.  The  trees  treated  with  kero- 
sene appeared  to  be  entirely  free  from  the  pest  when  examined  September  11.  This 
result  is  not  surprising  so  far  as  killing  the  insects  is  concerned,  because  it  is  well- 
known  that  kerosene  is  fatal  to  such  insects,  but  the  generally  vigorous  appearance 
of  the  trees  was  a  surprise,  as  I  had  feared  that  many  would  be  killed. 

After  examining  the  above  trees  I  had  a  number  of  young  pear  and  apple  trees 
treated  elsewhere.  This  was  late  in  September.  They  were  crusted  with  the  scale 
insects,  yet  all  were  apparently  destroyed  in  a  few  hours,  and,  so  far  as  could  be  told, 
no  serious  damage  was  done  to  the  trees.  On  pears  it  caused  the  shedding  of  the 
leaves  in  about  three  days,  but  the  plants  were  practically  matured  and  I  think  will 
not  be  harmed.  I  have  also  had  kerosene  used  on  old  trees,  peach  and  apple,  but  it 
is  too  soon  to  speak  of  results. 

Further  in  the  same  bulletin,  under  the  head  of  "  Winter  treatment 
for  young  orchards,"  he  says : 

I  now  believe  that  pure  kerosene  can  be  safely  used  on  all  the  hardy  fruit  trees, 
but  for  fear  of  serious  results  am  not  willing  to  recommend  it  in  the  hands  of  un- 
trained persons  when  the  soap  wash  promises  good  results. 

Under  the  head  of  "Treatment  for  old  orchards"  he  recommends 
kerosene,  except  for  peach  and  cherry,  with  the  proviso  that  great  care 
should  be  used  to  only  moisten  the  bark,  and  not  to  put  on  enough  oil 
to  run  down  the  stem  and  collect  about  the  base,  and  to  spray  only  on 
a  warm  bright  day  when  the  plants  are  perfectly  dry.  He  further  says 
that  low  grades  of  kerosene  are  more  dangerous  to  the  plants  than 
high  grades. 

Professor  Webster  had  also  been  experimenting  daring  1897,  and  his 
experiments  appear  to  have  been  very  carefully  made.  (See  Bull.  81, 
Ohio  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  July,  1897.)     His  conclusions  are  as  follows: 

.Judging  from  all  the  information  we  have  gained,  it  seems  that  kerosene  (coal  oil) 
can  not  be  safely  used  on  peach  trees  or  on  plum  trees  of  tender  varieties,  but  that 


21 

if  applied  lightly  with  a  brush  to  the  more  hardy  plum-,  pears,  and  apples,  espe- 
cially the  latter,  it  can  be  used  safely,  especially  if  the  tree-  arc  cut  bacl<  to  trunks 
and  bases  of  limhs.  In  the  case  <>f  the  apple  I  feel  quite  encouraged,  belies  Lng  that 
it'  used  sparingly  and  evenly  duriug  winter  and  while  a  low  temperature  prevails  it 
will  save  many  tree-  that  otherwise  would  have  to  be  destroyed. 

After  the  publication  of*  his  September,  L897,  circular,  Professor  Smith 

prepared  a  bulletin  entitled  "  The  San  Jose  Scale  and  How  It  May  Be 
Controlled."  which  bears  date  of  November  27,  1897,  but   which   was 
not  distributed  until  late  in  January,  L898.     The  two  following  para 
graphs  from  this  bulletin  summarize  his  present  views: 

Apple,  pear,  quince,  plum,  cherry,  peaeh.  and  a  large  variety  of  other  trees  were 
sprayed  in  August,  and  even  the  aursery  trees  came  through  the  ordeal  in  safety  in 
almost  every  instance,  while  in  no  case  was  any  large  tree  killed  or  even  seriously 
wounded.  In  one  instance  bearing  Kieffer  trees  were  sprayed  in  July  and  Septem- 
ber and  given  heavy  doses,  with  the  result  of  killing  only  a  few  water  sprouts. 

The  essential  points  to  he  regarded  in  the  application  of  kerosene  are  the  finest 
possible  spray,  the  completest  and  thinnest  possible  coating  over  the  entire  surface, 
and  weather  conditions  favoring-  rapid  evaporation.  The  trees  themselves  should  he 
dry.  Any  departure  from  these  suggestions  may  cause  injury,  fori  wish  it  distinctly 
understood  that  kerosene  improperly  used  is  fatal  to  plant  life. 

Elsewhere  he  emphasizes  the  desirability  of  a  more  perfect  atomizer 
than  is  now  on  the  market,  since  the  kerosene  should  be  applied  in  the 
form  of  an  almost  impalpable  mist.  All  trimming  should  be  done, 
according  to  Dr.  Smith,  at  least  a  month  before  kerosene  is  applied. 
A  (dear  dry  day  should  be  selected,  so  that  the  kerosene  may  evaporate 
rapidly.  The  trees  themselves  should  be  perfectly  dry.  If  he  were 
confined  to  one  application  only,  he  would  select  September  treatment 
with  kerosene  as  most  likely  to  be  completely  effective. 

Mr.  H.  N.  Staines,  of  the  Georgia  Experiment  Station,  in  an  excel- 
lent bulletin  published  in  October,  1897,  quotes  Dr.  Smith  and  Profes- 
sor Webster  and  announces  the  fact  that  he  has  arranged  a  series  of 
tc^fs  in  different  parts  of  the  State,  but  gives  no  results.  His  remedial 
recommendations  for  Georgia  districts  are  condensed  in  the  following: 
"Two  applications  of  whale-oil  soap  (2  to  2j  pounds  to  the  gallon, 
warm)  a  month  apart  in  the  fall — say  the  middle  of  November  and 
December,  respectively — followed  by  several  kerosene  sprayings  1  part 
to  1."))  at  intervals  of  two  weeks  in  tin'  spring."  The  kerosene  spray- 
ings recommended  are  made  by  means  of  the  mechanical  mixture  of 
kerosene  and  water  with  the  "Weed  kerosene  tank." 

In  North  Carolina  pure  kerosene  has  been  \\^-i\  to  some  extent.  Trot, 
w.  1\  Rffassey,  of  the  State  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  at  Raleigh, 
informed  the  writer  under  date  of  January  10.  1898,  that  spraying  with 
pure  kerosene  has  destroyed  the  San  Jose  scale  in  more  than  one 
locality  and  no  harm  has  been  done  to  the  trees.  At  I';i\  etteville.  in  a 
nursery  where  there  were  two  or  three  affected  tiers  in  the  winter  of 
1896-97,  the  owner  is  said  to  have  sprayed  the  whole  collection  with 
kerosene  when  in  leaf  in  May  and  did  not  kill  a  1 1 1 

From  this  rather  full  testimony    and  more  might  be  adduced   from 


22 

recent  bulletins  and  correspondence)  it  becomes  at  once  evident  that 
too  little  weight  has  been  given  to  the  possibility  of  the  use  of  pure 
kerosene  upon  living  plants — its  insecticide  qualities  not  having  been 
doubted — and  that  the  experiments  of  Professor  Webster's  correspond- 
ent in  1895-9G  bid  fair  to  lead  us  to  important  results.  It  is  true,  as 
was  pointed  out  in  Bulletin  No.  3,  that  Matthew  Cooke  as  early  as  1882 
reported  the  successful  use  of  coal  oil  for  the  San  Jose  scale,  although 
in  the  same  year  (Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  1881-82,  p.  208)  he 
shows  that  in  one  orchard  all  peach  trees  were  killed  by  its  use  and 
that  many  young  apple  orchards  had  been  destroyed.  Also  in  his 
well-known  book  on  "  Injurious  Insects  of  the  Orchard,  Vineyard,"  etc., 
he  publishes  the  caution,  under  the  head  of  "San  Jose  scale,"  "  Beware 
of  mineral  oils." 

To  Dr.  Smith,  however,  must  be  given  the  credit  of  showing  the  best 
way  to  apply  the  oil — the  only  safe  way,  if  there  be  a  safe  way.  His 
latest  publication  (Bull.  125,  N.  J.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.)  shows  how  guarded 
we  must  be  in  applying  kerosene,  and  from  one  point  of  view  it  is  a  pity 
that  his  original  circular  of  September,  1897,  did  not  emphasize  to  a 
greater  degree  these  safeguards,  since  it  undoubtedly  encouraged  work 
by  which  hundreds  of  trees  have  been  destroyed.  As  an  instance,  we 
may  mention  the  case  of  a  North  Carolina  correspondent,  who,  having 
seen  the  newspaper  publications  of  the  kerosene  method  in  September, 
1S97,  and  having  found  the  San  Jose  scale  scattered  more  or  less  over  an 
entire  orchard  of  400  acres  of  peach  trees,  sprayed  with  kerosene  pretty 
thoroughly  all  portions  of  the  infested  trees.  The  result  was  that  on 
January  10,  1898,  he  reported  to  this  office  that  at  least  90  per  cent  of 
the  sprayed  trees  were  dead.  The  correspondent  was  much  discour- 
aged by  this  result  and  was  inclined  to  think  that  the  only  remedy  is 
to  dig  and  burn  the  trees.  It  is  from  such  experiences  as  this  that  we 
have  decided  not  to  recommend  the  pure-kerosene  spray  as  the  result 
of  anyone's  experience  without  first  advising  the  individual  fruit 
grower  to  experiment  in  a  small  w<\y  and  determine  for  himself  by 
experience  in  his  own  locality  and  under  the  local  conditions  which 
exist  there  whether  he  can  use  kerosene  to  advantage.  This  warning 
will  not  be  necessary,  perhaps,  in  the  case  of  men  of  reasonable  caution, 
but  it  is  evident  that  there  will  be  many  who  will  need  it.  Mr.  J.  H. 
Hale,  as  an  example  of  the  former  class,  informed  the  writer  in  conver- 
sation on  February  9,  1898,  that  in  spite  of  what  had  been  written  he 
intended  to  conduct  careful  experiments  on  a  small  scale,  both  at  his 
Georgia  and  Connecticut  places,  wisely  deeming  that  the  details  of  a 
process  which  might  be  successful  in  portions  of  New  Jersey  might  not 
be  identical  with  the  details  in  Georgia,  and  that  here  again,  with  con- 
ditions varying  from  those  in  Connecticut,  identical  results  might  not 
ensue  in  the  latter  State.  In  other  words,  if  the  writer  were  a  fruit- 
grower he  would  experiment  for  himself  with  the  kerosene  and  upon 
his  own  individual  results  he  would  base  his  conclusions. 


23 

AUTOMATIC    MIXTURE   <>l     KEROSENE    AND    WATER. 

Previously  published  objections  by  this  Division  to  the  use  of  appara 
tus  for  automatically  mixing  kerosene  and  water  have  been  based  <>n 
the  fact  that  careful  trials  of  t  lie  early  constructed  machines  showed 
that  the  oil  and  water  could  not  be  sprayed  with  uniform  regularity  as 
to  percentages  of  the  ingredients.  Late  improvements,  however,  have 
largely  done  away  with  this  difficulty,  and  there  are  now  machines  od 
the  market  which  accomplish  the  desired  result  with  reasonable  effi- 
ciency. These  machines  are  coming-  into  some  use,  and  Mr.  Gould,  of 
the  Cornell  Station,  does  not  hesitate  to  recommend  an  automatic  mix 
ture  of  1  part  kerosene  to  4  parts  water,  which  he  has  determined  will 
not  injure  foliage  of  Oornus  and  Pyrus  in  June  and  duly  at  Ithaca. 
N.  Y.  In  the  same  way  Professor  Starnes,  of  Georgia,  advocates  the 
use  of  the  automatic  mixture  1  part  kerosene  to  15  parts  water. 

EFFECT   OF    WINTER    WASHES    UPON    BLOSSOMING. 

The  experience  of  the  past  two  years  has  shown  that  most  strong 
winter  applications  of  irsecticides,  especially  of  whale-oil  soap  and  resin 
wash,  may  have  a  more  or  less  serious  effect  upon  the  blossoming  of 
the  tree.  Reports  to  this  effect  first  began  to  reach  us  from  fruit  grow- 
ers in  the  vicinity  of  De  Funiak  Springs,  Fla.,  one  of  the  earliest  locali- 
ties where  the  scale  was  found  in  the  east,  and  a  little  later  our  own 
experience  in  Charles  County,  Md.,  verified  this  result.  The  experience 
of  Captain  Emory,  in  Kent  County,  Md.,  showed  that  spraying  in  the 
fall  with  strong  whale-oil  soap  solution  invariably  reduced  the  number 
of  blossoms  to  a  very  light  percentage.  Captain  Emory  informs  the 
writer,  however,  that  in  spite  of  this  destruction  of  the  great  majority 
of  the  blossoms  his  trees  bore  nearly  as  full  a  crop  as  he  would  desire. 
He  was  convinced,  however,  that  late  fall  spraying  generally  produced 
this  result.  The  experiences  of  others  coincide.  Spring  spraying,  how- 
ever, does  not  produce  such  an  effect  upon  the  fruit  buds.  When  they 
have  once  begun  to  swell  the  action  of  the  insecticide  does  not  seem  to 
be  strong  enough  to  seriously  affect  them.  Thus  Dr.  Smith,  in  his  last 
report,  advises  that  winter  treatment  should  not  be  made  until  Feb- 
ruary and  may  be  delayed  until  March.  This  advice  we  are  quite 
inclined  to  indorse.  Sprayings  have  been  made  when  the  tree  was 
actually  in  blossom  without  injurious  effect  upon  the  crop. 

PREPARING  THE  TREES  FOB  TREATMENT. 

The  important  point  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  in  the  majority  of 
cases  the  trees  must  be  prepared  for  insecticide  treatment.  Trees 
badly  infested  should  always  be  severely  pruned.  This  process  renders 
the  insecticide  application  always  much  more  efficient  It  is  tine,  how 
ever,  that  pruning  the  trees  to  a  certain  extent,  and  thus  reducing  the 
density  of  the  foliage  and  the  amount  of  shade,  renders  the  conditions 


24 

more  favorable  for  the  rapid  development  of  the  scale  insects,  since 
experience  has  shown  that  the  scale  flourishes  best  in  dry,  warm 
weather,  and  that  wet  weather  and  moist,  heavily  -shaded  localities 
retard  its  development.  The  whale-oil  soap  may  be  used  in  accordance 
with  directions  previously  given  with  a  reasonable  assurance  that 
above  90  per  cent  of  the  scales  on  the  tree  will  be  killed  by  a  thorough 
application.  It  seems  certain  that  with  careful  usage  pure  kerosene 
may  be  applied  with  safety  to  trees  of  a  certain  age,  with  the  possible 
exception  of  peach,  but,  as  heretofore  stated,  each  fruitgrower  must 
experiment  first  iu  order  to  be  certain  that  he  knows  how  to  apply  the 
insecticide.  The  trees  should  be  carefully  watched  after  the  treatment 
and  on  into  the  summer,  and  whenever  crawling  larvae  are  found  an 
application  of  kerosene  emulsion  or  of  the  mechanical  mixture  of  kero- 
sene and  water  should  be  made  in  case  the  owner  has  not  found  the 
secret  of  safe  application  of  pure  kerosene.  This  application  may  have 
to  be  repeated  later  in  the  season. 

A  PRECAUTION  IN   DESTROYING  RUINED   TREES. 

There  is  an  important  fact  connected  with  the  life  history  of  the 
insect,  to  which  particular  attention  must  be  called.  On  young  trees 
the  scales  seem  to  extend  not  only  to  the  surface  of  the  ground,  but 
even  beneath  the  surface,  so  that  in  destroying  a  badly  infested  tree  it 
is  necessary  not  only  to  cut  it  off  close  to  the  ground,  but  to  grub  up 
the  roots.  Professor  Webster  tells  me  that  a  number  of  times  in  his 
experience  where  trees  have  been  cut  off  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  young  shoots  which  sprung  up  afterwards  were  found  to  be 
covered  with  the  scale,  and  Br.  Smith  records  a  similar  instance  in  his 
report  for  1897.  Professor  Webster,  in  fact,  records  in  "  Entomological 
News  '?  for  December,  1897,  an  instance  where  a  tree  was  cut  off  from  6 
to  8  inches  below  the  surface  of  the  ground  and  scales  were  found  on 
the  young  shoots  which  came  up  subsequently.  He  thinks  that  per- 
haps ants  carry  the  young  scale  insects  below  ground. 

OTHER   REMEDIES. 

As  a  matter  of  course,  a  certain  amount  of  experimentation  has  been 
carried  on  by  individuals  with  remedies  other  than  those  here  men- 
tioned and  with  mixtures  already  experimented  with,  as  indicated  in 
Bulletin  No.  3.  None  of  these,  however,  have  shown  sufficiently  good 
results  to  necessitate  detailed  mention.  The  most  successful  experi- 
ment with  a  new  substance  which  is  known  to  the  writer  was  tried  by 
Mr.  L.  A.  Snow,  of  Tifton,  Ga.,  who  sent  to  the  office  at  the  close  of  the 
year  1895  twigs  of  trees  which  he  had  sprayed  with  hot  water.  Exami- 
nation showed  that  the  scales  were  all  killed  except  6  larva?  on  one  twig, 
2  females  and  3  larva?  on  another,  and  1  female  and  1  larva  on  a  third. 
All  of  these  living  individuals,  however,  had  been  protected  by  buds  or 
by  scales. 


25 

LEGISLATION. 

In  Bulletin  No.  3  we  published  a  section  on  the  subject  of  Legislation 
and  one  on  the  nursery  question.  Since  thai  time  several  States  have 
adopted  laws  governing  the  traffic  in  nursery  stock  and  also  dealing 
with  occurrences  of  the  scale  in  nurseries  and  orchards,  while  inter- 
state commerce  in  nursery  stock  is  perhaps  to  be  governed  by  the  pro 
visions  of  a  national  bill  now  before  Congress.  In  a  bulletin  about  to 
be  published  (No.  13,  New  Series)  the  writer  has  brought  these  laws 
together,  and  no  general  consideration  of  them  is  necessary  at  this  time. 
The  State  of  Illinois,  while  it  has  not  passed  an  insect  law.  has  made 
an  appropriation  to  be  expended  by  the  State  entomologist  in  actual 
field  observations  against  the  San  Jose  scale.  Under  this  appropria- 
tion Professor  Forbes  has  had  nearly  all  of  the  Illinois  nurseries 
inspected  and  certified  by  agents  of  his  office,  and  is  making  an  effort 
by  means  of  parties  of  operators  to  exterminate  the  scales  in  the 
orchards  at  infested  points  referred  to  in  a  previous  paragraph.  He 
furnishes  the  owners  of  infested  premises  with  apparatus  and  compe- 
tent men  to  direct  the  work;  but  requires  from  owners  that  they  will 
destroy  stock  hopelessly  diseased,  and  will  provide  the  necessary  insecti- 
cides and  the  labor  for  the  preparation  and  operation.  The  State  of 
New  Jersey,  on  the  other  hand,  while  it  has  also  failed  to  enact  laws. 
will  not  allow  its  entomologist  to  give  certificates  of  inspection,  and  the 
entomologist  himself  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  scale  has  come  to  stay 
and  that  all  work  against  it  must  be  done  by  individual  fruitgrowers 
themselves. 

Although  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  new  compilation  of  the  State 
laws,  it  may  be  well  to  state  that  strong  objections  have  been  urged 
to  certain  of  the  provisions  of  most  of  these  laws.  The  insufficiency 
of  inspection  certificates  has  been  insisted  upon  again  and  again.  An 
interesting  symposium  on  this  subject  was  published  in  the  Rural  New- 
Yorker  of  January  8,  1898.  The  entomologist  of  the  Xew  Jersey  Sta- 
tion, to  whom  we  have  just  referred,  Dr.  J.  B.  Smith,  insisted  upon  the 
insufficiency  of  inspection  certificates  and  called  attention  to  their 
occasional  misuse  by  nurserymen.  Mr.  Lowe,  the  entomologist  of  the 
experiment  station  at  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  showed  that  it  was  practically 
impossible  for  one  man  to  examine  a  nursery  of  average  size  so  thor- 
oughly that  he  could  be  sure  he  had  not  overlooked  the  scale.  By 
systematic  inspection  carried  on  through  a  series  of  years,  however, 
the  entomologist  can  feel  reasonably  sure  ot  bringing  to  light  the  worst 
cases  of  such  injurious  insects  as  San  Jose  scale.  In  this  way  the 
purchaser  can  feel  that  he  is  protected  to  n  certain  degree.  .Mr.  Lowe 
could  suggest  no  better  protection  for  the  purchaser  than  inspection, 
and,  when  recommended  by  the  inspector,  fumigation,  and  especially 
dealing  with  reliable  linns.  Mr.  I\  A.  Waugh.  of  the  Vermont  Experi- 
ment Station,  believed  that  entomologists'  certificates  were  of  le^s 
value  than  the  guaranty  of  houest    nurserymen.     His  closing  words 


26 

were,  "It  will  not  do  to  depend  too  much  on  official  investigation, 
however  thorough."  Professor  Bailey,  of  Cornell  University,  stated  it 
as  his  opinion  that  the  certificate  of  a  reputable  entomologist,  saying 
that  he  has  examined  the  stock  and  has  been  unable  to  find  San  Jose 
scale,  "is  really  worth  a  good  deal  to  the  purchaser.  It  does  not 
guarantee  the  stock  to  be  free  by  any  means,  but  it  establishes  a 
very  strong  probability  that  it  is  free."  In  his  opinion,  however, 
an  entomologist  could  not  give  a  clean  bill  of  health  for  all  the  trees  of 
a  nursery,  for  to  make  a  sufficient  examination  to  enable  him  to  do  so 
would  cost  more  than  the  stock  is  worth.  Mr.  T.  T.  Lyon,  a  prominent 
horticulturist  of  Michigan,  said  that  no  certificates  can  be  expected  to 
amount  to  a  guaranty  against  infestation.  Nevertheless,  he  would  con- 
sider a  certified  establishment  more  trustworthy,  although  the  planter 
should  carefully  choose  those  in  whose  thorough  carefulness  and  integ- 
rity he  would  have  the  greatest  confidence.  Mr.  J.  H.  Hale,  of  Con- 
necticut, was  of  the  opinion  that  a  careful  examination  by  an  entomologist 
would  result  in  a  certificate  of  some  little  value,  but  that  the  average 
nursery  inspection  affords  uno  guarantee  whatever  that  the  trees  are 
free  from  San  Jose  scale."  "Keep  up  the  inspection,"  he  said,  "but  do 
not  place  too  much  confidence  in  certificates."  Mr.  J.  H.  Bancroft,  a 
Delaware  inspector,  said  that  certificates  are  not  of  much  real  value  to 
a  purchaser.  In  his  opinion  a  planter  should,  so  far  as  possible,  grow 
his  own  stock.  Professor  Webster,  of  Ohio,  has  a  strong  article  on  this 
subject  in  "Entomological  News"  for  December,  1897,  and  he  illustrates 
the  difficulties  of  inspection  by  showing  pictures  of  a  twig  on  which  a 
single  young  scale  occurred  which  was  completely  hidden  by  the  bud 
so  that  it  could  not  be  seen  without  picking  off  the  bud.  He  adduces, 
further,  the  factthat  new  shoots  coming  up  from  old  stumps  are  frequently 
covered  with  scales,  as  indicating  that  the  insects  may  occur  below 
ground,  and  thus  futilize  inspection.  He  thinks  that  entomologists 
should  not  be  compelled  to  risk  their  reputations  where  the  odds  are 
so  much  against  them. 

THE    GERMAN  EDICT. 

By  virtue  of  an  edict  promulgated  by  the  German  Government  the 
first  week  in  February,  1898,  certain  American  fruits  were  refused 
entrance  at  the  port  of  Hamburg,  and  the  American  newspapers  of 
about  that  date  were  filled  with  rumors  and  interviews  concerning  the 
probable  reasons  of  Germany's  act.  It  soon  appeared  that  the  San  Jose 
scale  was  the  particular  insect  against  which  the  edict  was  directed, 
and  for  the  information  of  American  fruit  growers  the  exact  wording 
of  the  decree,  closely  translated  into  English  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Schwarz,  is 
given  herewith : 


27 

[No.  2443.  | 
Ordinance  relating  to  the  importation  of  living  plants  and  fresh  fruit  from  America. 

[Dated  February  5,  1898.] 

We,  Wilhehn,  by  God'a  Grace  German  Emperor,  King  of  Prussia,  etc.,  ordain,  in 
the  name  of  the  Empire,  with  consent  of  the  Federal  Council,  as  follows: 


In  order  to  guard  against  the  importation  of  the  San  Jose  Scale-louse  (Aspidiotus 
pern icioeus)  the  importation  of  living  plants  and  parts  of  living  plants  [literally 
"fresh  plant  waste"]  from  America;  and,  further,  of  such  barrels,  boxes,  and  other 
objects,  which  were  used  for  packing  or  transporting  of  such  products  or  parts  of 
products,  is  prohibited  until  further  notice. 

The  same  applies  to  invoices  of  fresh  fruit  or  fresh  parts  of  fruit  from  America,  as 
well  as  to  the  packing  material  used  thereto,  whenever  the  examination  which  is  to 
take  place  at  the  port  of  entry  has  ascertained  the  presence  of  tin;  San  .lose  Scale- 
louse  on  the  goods  or  on  the  packing  material. 

This  prohibition,  however,  does  not  include  goods  and  objectsof  the  above  kind 
which  are  h rough t  in  ships  but  which  are  not  removed  from  the  ship. 

2. 

The  Imperial  Chancellor  is  authorized  to  grant  exceptions  to  this  prohibition  and 

to  arrange  the  necessary  measures  of  safety. 

3_ 

The  present  ordinance  goes  into  effect  with  the  day  of  its  publication. 
Given  under  our  own  hand  and  Imperial  Seal. 
Berlin,  February  5,  1898. 

[L.  8.]  WrLHELM. 

(Countersigned:)  Count  von  Posadowskt. 

Issued  in  the  Imperial  Department  of  the  Interior. 

Berlin,  printed  at  the  Imperial  Printing  Office.  Published  at  Berlin,  the  5th  of 
February,  1898. 

It  appears  from  German  sources  of  information  that  the  immediate 
cause  of  the  decree  was  the  receipt  of  information  by  the  Government, 
about  the  middle  of  January,  that  a  large  shipment  of  fruit  from  infested 
districts  of  North  America  would  be  sent  to  Hamburg.  Directions 
were  given  for  the  immediate  inspection  of  this  cargo  by  expert  authority 
upon  its  arrival.  On  the  29th  January  the  San  Jose  scale  was  found  in 
numbers  in  living  and  developing  condition  upon  pears  from  California. 
This  information  was  transmitted  to  the  Government  and  the  decree 
followed. 

BIBLIOGRAPIIV. 

In  Bulletin  No.  3  was  published  a  chronological  bibliography  of  the 
American  writings  on  this  insect,  beginning  with  Comstock's  original 
description  in  1880  and  extending  down  to  the  close  of  W.».~>.  Several 
omissions  have  since  been  found  in  this  list,  and  there  follow  a  list  of 
these  omissions  and  a  list  of  the  writings  published  during  L  896-97  and 
down  to  the  date  of  this  writing.  These  lists  have  been  drawn  up  for 
the  writer  by  Mr.  Banks. 


28 

OMISSIONS. 

COOPER,  E.,and  IiELONG,  B.  M.     Insecticides  approved  by  the  State  Board  of  Horti- 
culture.    (Pacific  Rural  Press,  24  Aug.,  1889,  pp.  146-147.) 
COQUILLETT,  D.  W.     The  San  Jose  scale.     (The  Weekly  Blade,  Santa  Ana,  Calif.,  6 

March,  1890.) 
Washburn,  P.  L.     Entomology.     (Bull.  No.  5,  Oreg.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.,  April,  1890, 

p.  23.) 
Allen,  E.  W.     Bulletin  No.  2.     (First  Bienn.  Rept.  Oreg.  State  Bd.  Hortic.,  1891,  pp. 

43-46.) 
Allen,  E.  W.     Bulletin  No.  5.     (Second  Bienn.  Rept.  Oreg.  State  Bd.  Hortic,  1893, 

pp.  67-79.) 
Allen,  E.  W.     Bulletin  No.  6.     (Second  Bienn.  Rept.  Oreg.  State  Bd.  Hortic,  1893, 

pp.  83-86.) 
Cockerell,  T.  D.  A.     Insects  of  1893.     (Bull.  No.  10,  New  Mex.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta., 

Sept.,  1893,  pp.  14-16.) 
Weed,  C.  M.     Some  dangerous  fruit  insects.     (Bull.  No.  23,  N.  Hamp.  Agric.  Exp. 

Sta,,  Nov.,  1894.) 
Smith,  J.  B.     The  San  Jose  scale  in  New  York.     (Ent.  News,  Dec,  1894,  p.  312.) 
Webster,  F.  M.     The  San  Jose   scale  (.Aspidiotus  peniiciosus)  in   Ohio    orchards. 

(Proc  Columbus  (0.)  Hortic.  Soc,  Dec,  1894,  pp.  168-169,  1  map.) 
Riley,  C.  V.     The  San  Jose  or  pernicious  scale.     (Rept.  Va.  State  Board  Agric,  1894, 

pp.  172-178.) 
Rolfs,  P.  H.     Injurious  insects.     (Proc.  7th  Ann.  Meet.  Fla.  State  Hortic.  Soc  1894, 

pp.  94-99.) 
Howard,  L.  O.     Some  scale  insects  of  the  orchard.     (Yearbook  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric 

f.  1894  (1895),  pp.  249-276,  17  figs.) 
Fletcher,  J.     Report  of  the   entomologist   and   botanist.     (Rept.    Exptl.    Farms 

Canada  f.  1894  (1895),  pp.  183-226.) 
Webster,  F.  M.     The  San  Jose  scale,  its  spread  and  repression.     (Ohio  Farmer,  21 

Febr.,  1895,  p.  157.) 
Boaz,  E.  D.    The  San  Jose  or  pernicious  scale.     (The  So.  Planter,  March,  1895,  p.  119.) 
Sirrine,  F.  A.     The  San  Jose  or  pernicious  scale.     (Bull.  No.  87,  N.  Y.  State  Agric. 

Exp.  Sta.,  March,  1895.) 
Webster,  F.  M.     Entomology.     (Ohio  Farmer,  23  May,  1895,  p.  417.) 
Wetmore,  F.  H.     The  San  Jose  scale.     (Ohio  Farmer,  6  June,  1895.) 
Webster,  F.  M.     Entomology.     (Ohio  Farmer,  13  June,  1895,  p.  477.) 
Howard,  L.  O.     The  geographical  distribution  within  the  United  States  of  certain 

insects  injuring  cultivated  crops.     (Proc  Ent.  Soc  Wash.,  Vol.  3,  June,  1895, 

pp.  219-226.) 
Sturgis,  W.  C,  and  Britton,  W.  E.     The  San  Jose  scale.     (Bull.  No.  121,  Conn. 

Agric.  Exp.  Sta.,  July,  1895,  pp.  6-14,  5  figs.) 
Washburn,  F.  L.     Fruit  pests  and  remedies.     (Bull.  No.  38,  Oreg.  Agric  Exp.  Sta., 

Sept.,  1895,  pp.  7-8.) 
Webster,  F.  M.     Inquiries  and  answers.     (Ohio  Farmer,  17  Oct.,  1895,  p.  315.) 
McCarthy,  G.     The  peach  tree  and  its  parasites.     (Bull.  No.  120,  N.  Car.  Agric  Exp. 

Sta.,  Nov.,  1895.) 
Hillman,  F.  H.     The  San  Jose  scale.     (Bull.  No.  29,  Nev.  Agric  Exp.  Sta,,  Dec,  1895, 

pp.  8,  4  figs.) 
Piper,  C.  V.     Insect  pests  of  the  garden,  farm,  and  orchard.     (Bull.  No.  17.  Wash. 

Agric.  Exp.  Sta,,  1895.) 
Schiedt,  R.  C.    Insects  of  the  year.    (Rept.  Penn.  State  Bd.  Agric,  1895,  pp.  579-584.) 

SUPPLEMENTARY. 

Sirrink,  F.  A.     Notes  on  remedies  for  the  pernicious  and  other  scale  insects.    (Ann. 
Rept.  N.  Y.  Agric.  Sta.  f.  1895  (1896),  pp.  605-617.) 


29 

Smith,  . I.  B.     Report    Eutora.   Dept.  N.  J.  Agric.  Coll.   Exp.  Sta.  f.  1895  (1896),  pp. 

375-377. 
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i'.  1895  ( 1896),  pp.  37-53.) 
Beckwith,  M.  II.    The  San  Jose  scale.     (Hull.  No.  30,  Del.  Agric  Exp.  Sta.,  Jan., 

1896,  p.  16.) 
Coolky,  R.  A.     San  .lose  scale.     (Bull.  No.  :it>.  Biass.  Hatch  Auric  Exp.  Sta.,  Febr., 

1896,  pp.  13-20,  5  figs.) 
Cokdley,  A.   B.     Insecticides.     (Bull.  No.  44,  Oreg.  Auric   Exp.  Sta.,  Febr.,  1896, 

p.  108.) 
Weed,  H.  E.    The  San  .lose  scale.     (The  So.  Cultivator,  March,  1896.  I 
Alwood,  W.  15.     The  San  Jose  or  pernicious  scale.     I  Bull.  62,  Va.  Auric  Exp.  Sta., 

March.  1896,  pp.  31-44,  5  figs.) 
Co<  m  Ri  ll,  T.  1).  A.     Report  of  the  entomologist.    I.    (Bull.  No.  19.  N.  Mex.  Agric. 

Exp.  Sta.,  Ap»il.  1896,  pp.  108-112.) 
Hopkins,  a.   D.     Bark-lice.     San  Jose  scale  in  West  Virginia.     (The  Nat.  Stock- 
man and  Farmer,  23,  April,  1896,  p.  0. ) 
Cook,  A.  J.      The  San  Jose  scale  in  the  East.     (  Rural  Calif.,  April,  1896, pp.  158-159.) 
Stkd.man,  J.  M.     The  San  Jose  scale.     (Mo.  Month.  Crop  Report,  April,  1896.) 
Kinney,  L.  F.    Apple  culture.    (Bull.No.37.  h\  I.  Auric.  Exp.  Sta.,  May.  1896,  p.  13.) 
Alwood,  W.  B.     The  distribution  of  the  San  Jose  scale  in  Virginia.     (Bnll.Xo.66, 

Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.,  July,  1896,  pp.  77-90,  1  map.  1  plate. 
Webster,  F.  M.     The  San  Jose  scale.     (Bull.  No.  72,  Ohio  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.,  Aug., 

1896,  pp.  211-217,  5  figs.) 
Smith,  J.-B.    The  pernicious  or  San  .lose  scale.     (Bull.  No.  116,  N.  Jer.  Agric.  Exp. 

Sta.,  Sept.,  1896,])]).  15, 3  figs.) 
"Chrysanthemum."    The  San  Jose  Bcale.     (Amer.  Month.  Micr.  Journ.,  Oct.,   1896, 

pp.  323-330.) 
Johnson.  \V.  <;.     Presenl  status  of  the  San  .lose  scale  in  the  State.     (Bull.  No.  12.  Md. 

Agric.  Exp.  sta..  <  >ct..  1896,  pp.  154-156,  2  dgs. 
SMITH,  J.B.     Scale   insects   and  their  enemies  in  California.     (Broc.  8th  Ann.   Meet. 

\--.  Econ.  En  torn.      Bull.  No.  6,  n.  s.  Div.  Eut.  U.  S.  De])t.  Agric,  Nov.,  1896,  pp. 

16-48.) 
LlNTNEB,  .1.  A.     Notes  on  some  of  the   insects  of  the  year  in  the  State  of  New  York. 

(Proc.  8th  Auu.  Meet.  Ass.  Ecou.  Entom.       Bull.  No. 6,  n.  s.  I'.  S.  Dept.  Agric, 

Nov.,  1896,  pp.  54-^1. 
JOHNSON,  W.G.     Entomological  notes    from  Maryland.     (Proc  8th  Ann.  Met.  A--. 

Econ.  Entom.    Bull.  No.  6.  n.  s.  Div.  Ent.U.  s.  Dept. Auric..  Nov..  1896,  pp.  63-66.) 
Wi  BSTER,  1".  M.     Insects  of  the  year  in  ( >hio.    (Proc  8th  Ann.  Meet.  Ass.  Econ.  Entom. 

Bull. No. 6, n. s. Div.  Ent.  U.S.  Dept.  Agric,  Nov..  1896, pp. 66-70. 
Bopkins,  A.  D.     Some  notes  on  observations  in  Wesl  Virginia  on  farm,  garden,  :l,1(l 

fruit  insect-.       Proc. 8th  Ann. Meet.  Ass.  Econ. Entom.     liull.  No.  »i.  a.  b.  Div. 

Ent.  U.  S.  Dept.  Auric.  Nov..  1896,  pp.  71-7: 
Alwood.  W.  B.     Is  cooperation  for  the  control  of  tin-  San  Jose  scale  practicable! 

(Proc 8th  Ann.  Meet.  Ass.  Econ.  Entom.     Bull.  No. 6,  n.  s.  Div.  Ent.  U.  S.  Dept. 

A-ric.  Nov..  1896,  pp. 80-84.  i 
1 1<«\\  aim).  E.  0.     On  some  scale  insects.      Trans.  Mass.  Hortic  Soc,  1896,  pp.  15,  8 figs.) 
Beckwith,  M. H.    The  present  status  of  the  San  Jose  scale  in  Delaware.      Trans. 

Penin.  Hortic.  Soc,  1896,  pp.  85-90. ) 
Webster,  P.M.    The  San  Jose  scale     Ispidiotua  pernioio8u»).      Ann.  Kept.  Ohio  state 

Bortic.  Soc,  1896,  pp.  164-178,5  n_ 
Lintner,  J.  A.     Eleventh  report  on  the  injurious  and  other  insects  of  the  state  of 

\.  w  v.,rk.  1896,  pp.  200-233,  3  pis. 
Sungerland,  M.  V,     Report  as  chairman  of  tin-  committee  on  entomology.       Proc. 

West.  N.  V.  Hortic  Soc..  f.  1896,  p.  18. 
K"i  i  s,  B.  H.     San  Jose  scale  parasite.       Kept,  l'la.  Agric  Exp.  sta..  f.  1896    1897  , 

pp.  49-50.) 


30 

Webster,  F.  M.     Address  on  the  Sao  Jose  scale.     (Proc.  52d  Ann.   State  Agric 

Conv.,  Columbus,  Ohio,  Jan.  14,  1897.) 
Baker,  C.  F.     Tlie  San   Jose  scale;  a  warning  to  the  fruit  growers   of  Alabama. 

(Bull.  No.  77,  Ala,  Agric  Exp.  Sta.,  Jan.,  1897,  pp.  27-31.) 
Forbes,  S.  A.     The  San  .Jose  scale  in  Illinois.     (Ball.  No.  18,  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.,  April, 

1897,  pp.  413-428,  2  figs.) 
Gillette,  C.  P.     A  few  insect  enemies  of  the  orchard.     (Bull.  No.  38,  Colo.  Agric. 

Exp.  Sta,,  April,  1897,  pp.  33-39,  3  figs.) 
Alwood,  W.  B.     Inspection  in  relation  to  the  suppression  of  the  San  Jose  scale. 

(Kept.  22d  Meet.  Anier.  Ass.  Nurserymen,  1897,  pp.  25-32.) 
Garman,  H.     The  San  Jose  scale  in  Kentucky.     (Bull.  No.  67,  Ky.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta., 

May,  1897,  pp.  43-59,  3  figs.) 
Slingerland,  M.  V.     Great  danger  from  the  San  Jose  scale.     (Rural  New  Yorker, 

29  May,  1897,  p.  356.) 
Rolfs,  P.  II.     The   San  Jose  scale  disease.     (Gard.  and  Forest,  2  June,  1897,  pp. 

217-218.) 
Hussey,  L.     San  Jose  scale;   successful  treatment.     (Ohio  Farmer,  17  June,  1897, 

p.  487.) 
Webster,  F.  M.     Food  plants  of  the  San  Jose  scale  in  Ohio  exclusive  of  fruit  trees. 

(Can.  Ent.,  July,  1897,  p.  173.) 
Webster,  F.  M.     San  Jose  scale  in  Ohio.     (Bull.  No.  81,  Ohio  Agric.  Exp.  Sta., 

July,  1897,  pp.  177-212,  10  figs.,  2  pis.,  1  map.) 
Cockerell,  T.  D.  A.     The  San  Jose  scale  and  its  nearest  allies.     (Bull.  Tech.  Ser.  No. 

6,  Div.  Ent.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  July,  1897,  pp.  31,  15  figs.) 
McCarthy,  G.     San  Jose  scale  in  North  Carolina.     (Bull.  No.  138,  N.  Car.  Agric.  Exp. 

Sta.,  July,  1897,  pp.  45-55, 1  fig.) 
Forbes,  S.  A.     Circular  notice  concerning  the  San  Jose  scale  and  other  fruit  insects. 

(Urbana,  111.,  July,  1897.) 
Baker,  C.F.     More  ahout  the  San  Jose  scale.     (Bull.  No.  86,  Ala.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta,, 

Aug.,  1897.) 
Rolfs,  P.  H.     A  fungus  disease  of  the  San  Jose  scale.     (Bull.  41,  Fla.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta., 

Aug.,  1897,  pp.  519-542,  2  pis.) 
Panton,  J.  H.     A  new  enemy  to  fruit  growing.     (The  Rural  Canadian,  Aug.,  1897, 

pp.  178-179,  3  figs.) 
Smith,  J.  B.     Treatment  for  the  San  Jose  scale.     (Cir.  N.  J.  Agric,  Exp.  Sta,,  Sept., 

1897.) 
Starnes,  H.  N.     The  San  Jose  and  other  scales  in  Georgia.     (Bull.  No.  36,  Ga.  Agric. 

Exp.  Sta.,  Oct.,  1897,  pp.  31, 19  figs.,  1  map.) 
Smith,  J.  B.     The  San  Jose  scale.     (Ent.  News.,  Nov.,  1897,  pp.  221-223.) 
Alwood,  W.  B.     First  annual  report  of  the  State  inspector  for  the  San  Jose  scale, 

1896-97.     (Richmond,  Va.,  Nov.,  1897, 15  pp. ) 
Cordley,  A.  B.     A  disease  of  the  San  Jose  scale.     (Orcg.  Agric,  and  Rural  North- 
west, 15  Nov.,  1897,  p.  70.) 
Barrows,  W.  B.     The  present  status  of  the  San  Jose  scale  in  Michigan.     (Proc.  9th 

Ann.  Meet.  Ass.  Econ.  Entom.,  Bull.  No.  9,  n.  s.,  Div.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric, 

1897,  pp.  27-29.) 
Webster,  F.  M.,  and  Mall Y,  C.W.     Insects  of  the  year  in  Ohio.     (Proc.  9th  Ann. 

Meet.  Ass.  Econ.  Entom.,  Bull.  No.  9,  u.  s.,  Div.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  1897,  pp. 

40-45.) 
JOHNSON,  W.  G.     Notes  from  Maryland  on  the  principal  injurious  insects  of  the  year. 

(Proc  9th  Ann.  Meet.  Ass.  Kcon.  Entom.,  Hull.  No.  9,  n.  s.,  Div.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Dept. 

Agric,  1897,  pp.  80-82.) 
TROor,  J.     The  San  Jose  scale  in  Indiana.     (Newspaper  bulletin,  Dec,  1897.) 
Webster,  F.  M.     Some  features  of  nursery  inspection.      (Ent.   News.,  Dec,   1897, 

pp.  248-250,  1  fig.) 
Massey,  \Y.  E.     San  Jose  scale.     (The  So.  Planter,  Dec,  LVJ7,  p.  549.) 


31 

Hopkins,  A.  D.    The  San  Jose  or  pernicious  scale.     (Wes1  Virginia  Farm  Reporter, 

L897,  pp.  84-86.) 
Osborn,  H.     The  San  .lose  scale.     (Bull.  No.  36,  Iowa  Auric  Exp.  Sta.,  Dec,  lxoy, 

'    pp.  860-864,  3  figs.) 
Symposium.     Spreading  the  San  Jose  scale;   arc  certificates  from  entomologists 

valuable!     Answers  by  J.  B.  Smith,  V.  II.  Lowe,  F.  A.Waugh,  L.  II.  Bailey, 

S.  I).  Willard,  T.  T.  Lyon,  J.  II.  Hale,  and   E.  II.  Bancroft.      (Rural    New 

Yorker,  Jan.  8,  1898,  pp.  17-18.) 
Smith.  J.  B.     To  exterminate  scale.     (E. N.  Y. Horticulturist,  .Ian.,  1898.) 
AiWOOD,  \V.  I).     Notes  on  treatment  of  San  Jose  scale,  with  directions  for  winter 

work.     (Hull.  No.  72,  Va.  Auric.  Exp.  Sta.,  Jan.,  L898,  pp.  11.) 
Smith,  J.  B.     The  San  Jose  scale,  and  how  it  may  be  controlled.     (Bull.  No.  125, 

N.  J.  Auric.  Exp.  Sta.,  Jan.,  1898,  pp.  16,  1  tig.) 
BANCROFT,  E.  II.     The  San  Jose  scale  in  Delaware.     (Dover,  Del.,  Feb.,  1X9X,  pp.23. 

Report  as  inspector  of  San  Jose  scale.) 
Smith,  J.  B.     Report  of  the  entomological  department  of  the  New  Jersey  Agric. 

College  Fxp.  sta.  f.  1897  (Feb.,  1898),  pp.  163-492,  7  figs.,  7  pis. 
HOWARD,   L.  O.,  and  MaRLATT,  C.  L.     The  San  Jose  scab-;    its  occurrence  in  the 

United  States,  with  a  full  account  of  its  life  history  and  the  remedies  to  be 

used  against  it.     (Bull.  No.  3,  n.  s.  Div.  Ent.  V.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  Feb.,  1898, 

pp.  80.     A  reprint  of  the  189(5  edition  but  without  the  plate.) 
GOULD,  IL  P.     Notes  on  spraying  and  the  San  Jose  scale.     (Bull.  No.  Ill,   Cornell 

Fniv.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.,  Feb.,  1898,  pp.  9-14.) 
Smith,  J.  B.     Report  of  the  entomological  department  of  the   New  Jersey  Agric. 

College  Exp.  Sta,  for  1897  (Feb.,  18.  8),  pp.  436-192, 15  figs. 
PERKINS,  <;.  II.     Insects  of  the  year.     (Bull.  No.  60,  Vt.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta..  Feb.,  1898, 

pp.  12-14, 9  figs.) 
FORBES,  S.  A.     The  San  Jose   scale  in  Illinois.     (20th  Kept.  Sta.  Eutom.  111.,  Feb., 

L898,  pp.  1-25, 4  plates.) 
Emory,  R.  S.     Experiences  with  the  San  Jose  scale.     (Trans.  Benin.  Hortic.  Soc, 

Feb.  1898,  pp.  107-113.) 
Ban<  ROFT,  E.  H.     The  San  Jose  scale  in  Delaware  in  1897.     (Trans.  Benin.  Hortic. 

Soc,  Feb.,  1898,  pp.  113-128.) 
Webb,  W.     Report  on  San  Jose  scale.     (Trans.  Benin.  Hortic.  Soc,  Feb.,  1898, pp.. 

114-115.) 
Btedman,  J.  M.     The  San  Jose  scale  in  Missouri.     (Bull.  No.  41,  Mo.  Agric.  Exp.  sta., 

Jan.  (Feb.),  1898,  pp.  35,  8  tigs.) 
BTURGIS,  W.  C.     Notes  on  injurious  insects.  (19th  Ann.  Rept.  Conn.  Agric  Exp.  Sta,  f. 

1895  (1896),  pp.  191-191). 
8TURGIS,  W.  C.     The  spread  of  the  San  Jose  scale  in  Connecticut.     (Conn.  Auric. 

sta.  Rept.  f.  1896  (1897),  pp.  282-284.) 
ALWOOD,  W.  B.     Some  enemies  of  the  fruit-grower.     (Broc.Ga.  State  Hortic.  Soc, 

1897,  pp.  38-42.) 
Hi  ntkk.  S.J.     Scale  insects  injurious  to  orchards.     (Bull.  Dept.  Ent.   Kans.  Univ., 

Jan.,  1898,  pp.62. 

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